重慶市老龍洞地下河流域巖溶地下水糞便指示菌環(huán)境指示意義的研究
發(fā)布時間：2019-07-01 15:11
【摘要】：巖溶區(qū)特殊的地質(zhì)“雙層結(jié)構(gòu)”,造成地表嚴(yán)重缺水而地下水特別豐富的現(xiàn)象,因此巖溶區(qū)地下水是巖溶區(qū)最重要的水源。隨著城市化進程不斷加快,城鎮(zhèn)污水、生活垃圾、以及農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)污水等成為西南地區(qū)巖溶地下水面臨的嚴(yán)峻問題。重慶市南山老龍洞地下河為典型的生活垃圾污染,研究區(qū)地下河常年不斷流,所屬城鎮(zhèn)沒有完善的生活污水、生活垃圾處理設(shè)施,對生活污水和垃圾的處理基本上采用的是原始的陰渠和暗渠排放,甚至是地表排放,最終利用落水洞排入地下河。目前,地下河水質(zhì)污染嚴(yán)重。相關(guān)學(xué)者致力于研究人類活動影響下的巖溶地下水環(huán)境的物理化學(xué)過程,對巖溶地下水污染的微生物過程研究偏弱,巖溶區(qū)地下水中的微生物數(shù)量的空間與季節(jié)上的差異可以反映出人類活動和城市化程度。探討城鎮(zhèn)化進程中地下水環(huán)境的演變機理,巖溶水微生物時空變化的研究顯得尤其重要,為巖溶地下水資源的合理有效利用、流域健康與疾病防治等提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。城市的水資源和改善居住環(huán)境的可持續(xù)利用對策喀斯特市地下水系統(tǒng)的影響研究有重要意義。本研究選取重慶市南山老龍洞流域地下水為研究對象,在2014.1～2015.1進行野外樣品采集與實驗室分析工作。采樣點依次為：小院兒井、仙女洞天窗、龍井X]井、高東寺1井、高東寺2井、老龍洞地下河出口、趙家院子井,分別簡稱為1#-8#。在該水文年內(nèi)采集的地下水樣品進行室內(nèi)理化性質(zhì)檢測,對四種糞便指示菌TC(細菌總數(shù))、EC(大腸菌群)、FC(糞大腸菌群)、FS(糞鏈球菌)采用濾膜法計數(shù),在SPSS統(tǒng)計學(xué)相關(guān)性分析方法的支持下對老龍洞流域地下水污染時空分布特征進行研究,初步獲得以下結(jié)論：(1)南山老龍洞流域地下水化學(xué)組成類型是Ca-Mg-SO4型。8個采樣點水質(zhì)硬度普遍較高,其中則1#、2#、4#、8#地下水為硬水,3#、5#、6#、7#地下水屬于中硬水,K+、Na+含量在各采樣點都呈現(xiàn)較高水平,并超過自然水平之下的K+、Na+含量,SO42-、Cl-濃度超過國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的數(shù)量極少,S042-檢出率僅為3%,而Cl-則未檢出。N03-在地下水中的污染程度居高不下,檢出率為75%。這與其地表的人類日常生活、工農(nóng)業(yè)活動強度有較大的關(guān)系。城市化較快的上游地區(qū)1#、2#、3#以及混合型污染區(qū)7#、8#的K+、Na+含量高于農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)活動為主的4#、5#、6#。(2)老龍洞流域地下水居民生活用水中的四種糞便指示菌季節(jié)分布上顯示出夏秋季節(jié)升高,春、冬季節(jié)污染數(shù)量下降的趨勢,但是各個采樣點的微生物指示菌季節(jié)變化各有差異,不同于河流或者海洋中的細菌群落具有明顯而一致的季節(jié)變化。巖溶區(qū)地下水水溫保持恒定,并不隨季節(jié)變化而有大的改變,因此水溫并不是造成巖溶區(qū)地下水微生物季節(jié)性變化的主要原因。采樣點均位于地勢較低的谷底,周圍密布著居民區(qū)和小型手工業(yè)作坊和工廠,其產(chǎn)生的生活污水和工業(yè)廢水直接排放到環(huán)境中。5-10月重慶雨季來臨,將環(huán)境中的污水順地勢匯入谷底,最終通過落水洞進入地下暗河,匯入地下河的降水?dāng)y帶了大量的糞便污染,促使地下水中的糞便污染指示菌數(shù)量猛增。(3)研究區(qū)地下水的糞便指示微生物的分布具有較大的空間差異性,受季節(jié)性影響較大。所有采樣點的糞便污染程度都很高,其中以7#最為嚴(yán)重,超過國家地下水標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的37.6-2.92×105倍。5#污染程度最低,但仍是國家地下水標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的22.5～1.57×104倍。7#微生物污染最為嚴(yán)重,秋季細菌總數(shù)量達到1.5×107 CFU/mL,大腸桿菌群數(shù)為1.4×105 CFU/mL,7#地下水屬于重度微生物污染,為多菌區(qū)。5#周圍是農(nóng)田,主要從事耕種、農(nóng)田灌溉等生產(chǎn)活動,附近鮮少有居民,其產(chǎn)生的生活污水較少,且水質(zhì)清澈,水質(zhì)最好。1#、3#這兩個采樣點位于流域上游地區(qū),伴隨城市化發(fā)展,受人類活動影響較大,微生物污染也隨之增多,其總細菌數(shù)量水平相對較高,僅次于7#。4#、6#、8#這三個采樣點的地表環(huán)境以農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)活動為主,8#附近為耕地,該井水主要用于灌溉農(nóng)田,居民洗衣服等。(4)本研究區(qū)所有采樣點水質(zhì)中微生物超標(biāo)嚴(yán)重,糞便污染是本研究區(qū)污染的主要來源。通過對FC/FS比值進行糞便污染來源的初步研究判斷：夏秋季節(jié)降水量較多的時期,其中1#、2#、3#這三個采樣點的FC/FS比值達到103以上,可以推測這三處地下水糞便污染主要來源于人類的生活廢水；7#地下水糞便污染在一年內(nèi)全部顯示為人類糞便污染,可能由于這三處地下水來自于流域內(nèi)多條地下河分支,流經(jīng)地區(qū)很多都屬于居民區(qū)和工業(yè)區(qū),其中絕大多數(shù)都是人類生活污水。3#、8#在一年當(dāng)中受人類糞便污染影響也較大,其他各采樣點的比值都呈現(xiàn)季節(jié)性變化,夏季,1-3#,7#、8#比值遠大于4.0,秋季,1#,3-8#比值大于4.0,污染來源主要是人類生活污水與糞便,即夏秋季節(jié)地下水糞便污染生物來源主要是人類。(5)由于巖溶區(qū)獨特的地下空間結(jié)構(gòu),垂直連通性要遠大于水平方向的連通性,采樣點地表環(huán)境對于微生物污染空間差異性有重要影響。短期的降水狀況及地表人類活動的差異都會引起采樣點微生物數(shù)量的較大變化。同一地區(qū)不同采樣點的地下河水化學(xué)特征季節(jié)、空間差異都較為明顯,可能與區(qū)域內(nèi)降水強度和人類活動強度有關(guān)�？偠灾�,造成研究區(qū)微生物污染的原因比較復(fù)雜：特殊的水文地質(zhì)背景、農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)活動造成的污染物排放以及城市化過程中未能完善的生活污水收集與處理裝置缺乏,造成大量營養(yǎng)鹽類進入地下水,促進了水中微生物的生長繁榮；此外,城市化過程使得城鄉(xiāng)結(jié)合部居民增加,地下水中微生物污染物來源數(shù)量,從而城市化影響下的地下水微生物污染程度要遠高于農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)活動為主要污染源的地下水。
[Abstract]:The special geological "double-layer structure" in the karst area is the most important water source in the karst area. With the increasing process of urbanization, urban sewage, domestic garbage, and agricultural production sewage have become a serious problem in the karst groundwater in the southwest. The underground river of the Longdong, Nanshan, Chongqing is a typical domestic garbage pollution. The underground river of the research area is continuously flowing, and there are no perfect domestic sewage and domestic garbage treatment facilities in the town, and the treatment of domestic sewage and garbage is basically adopted as the original sewer and the dark canal. And even surface discharge, and finally discharged into the underground river by using the water falling hole. At present, the water quality of the underground river is seriously polluted. The research of the physical and chemical process of the karst groundwater environment under the influence of human activity, the study of the microbial process of the groundwater pollution in the karst area is weak, and the spatial and seasonal difference of the number of microorganisms in the groundwater in the karst area can reflect the human activity and the degree of urbanization. The paper discusses the evolution mechanism of the groundwater environment in the process of urbanization, and the study of the space-time variation of the karst water micro-organisms is of particular importance, which provides the scientific basis for the rational and effective utilization of the karst groundwater resources, the health of the river basin and the prevention and control of the disease. The sustainable utilization of the urban water resources and the improvement of the living environment is of great significance to the research of the groundwater system in the karst city. In this study, the groundwater in the Longdong river basin of Nanshan, Chongqing is selected as the research object, and the field sample collection and laboratory analysis are carried out in 2014.1-2015.1. The sampling points are: the small courtyard, the fairy cave skylight, the Longjing X] well, the high Dongsi 1 well, the high Dongsi 2 well, the old Longdong underground river outlet, and the Zhao Jiayuan well, respectively, the short name is 1 #-8 #. The groundwater samples collected during the hydrological year are tested for indoor physical and chemical properties, and the four stool indicator strains TC (total bacterial count), EC (coliform group), FC (faecal coliform) and FS (Streptococcus faecalis) are counted by a filter membrane method, The spatial and temporal distribution of groundwater pollution in the old Longdong river basin is studied with the support of the SPSS statistical correlation analysis method. The following conclusions are obtained: (1) The chemical composition type of the groundwater in the old Longdong river basin is the Ca-Mg-SO4 type. The water quality of the eight sampling points is generally higher, of which 1 #, The groundwater of 2 #,4 # and 8 # is hard water,3 #,5 #,6 # and 7 # ground water belong to medium-hard water, and the K + and Na + content are at a high level at all sampling points, and the K +, Na + content, SO42-, The concentration of Cl-in excess of the national standard is very small, the detection rate of S042 is only 3%, and the Cl-concentration is not detected. The pollution level of N03-in groundwater is high, and the detection rate is 75%. This has a great relationship with the human daily life of the human surface and the intensity of industrial and agricultural activities. 1 #,2 #,3 # and 7 #,8 # K +, Na + content in the upper reaches of the rapid urbanization are higher than that of the 4 #,5 # and 6 # in the agricultural production activities. (2) The seasonal distribution of four kinds of faecal indicating bacteria in the living water of the groundwater in the old Longdong river basin shows the trend of decreasing the number of pollution in the spring and winter, but the seasonal variation of the microbial indicator bacteria of each sampling point is different. The bacterial community, which is different from the river or the sea, has a distinct and consistent season change. The water temperature of the groundwater in the karst area is kept constant and does not change with the change of the seasons, so the water temperature is not the main cause of the seasonal variation of the groundwater in the karst area. The sampling points are located at the bottom of the low-lying area, and the surrounding areas are densely covered with residential areas and small-scale handicraft workshops and factories, and the domestic sewage and industrial waste water generated by the sampling points are directly discharged into the environment. In the end, the underground river is entered through the water-dropping hole, and the precipitation of the underground river is carried with a large amount of stool pollution, so that the number of fecal pollution indicating bacteria in the underground water is increased. (3) The stool of the groundwater in the study area indicates that the distribution of the microorganisms has a large spatial difference and is affected by the seasonal influence. The degree of fecal pollution of all sampling points is high, in which 7 # is the most serious, which exceeds the national groundwater standard of 37.6-2.92-105-fold. The pollution level of 5 # is the lowest, but is still 22.5-1.57-104-fold.7 # is the most serious and the total number of bacteria in the fall reaches 1.5-107 CFU/ mL. The number of colibacillosis is 1.4 to 105 CFU/ mL, and 7 # ground water belongs to severe microbial contamination, and is a multi-colony area. The surrounding area is farmland, mainly engaged in the production activities such as farming, farm irrigation and other production activities. There are few residents nearby, and the generated domestic sewage is less, and the water quality is clear and the water quality is the best.1 #, The two sampling points are located in the upper reaches of the river basin, with the development of urbanization, the influence of human activity is large, and the microbial contamination is increased, and the total bacterial number is relatively high, only after 7 #.4 #,6 #, The surface environment of the three sampling points of the 8 # is mainly agricultural production activities, and the vicinity of 8 # is cultivated land. The well water is mainly used to irrigate farmland and residents to wash clothes and so on. (4) The water quality of all sampling points in the study area is in excess of the standard, and the stool pollution is the main source of the pollution in the study area. The results of the preliminary study on the source of the fecal pollution from the ratio of FC/ FS: the ratio of the FC/ FS of the three sampling points of 1 #,2 #, and 3 # is more than 103 in the summer and autumn season, and it can be assumed that the three groundwater faecal pollution mainly comes from the human's domestic wastewater; The 7 # ground water fecal pollution is all shown to be human excrement pollution within one year, and may be due to the three underground water flows from the river basin, many of which belong to the residential area and the industrial area, most of which are human domestic sewage. 8 # is affected by human excrement pollution in one year, and the ratio of other sampling points is seasonal, and the ratio of 1-3 #,7 # and 8 # is much greater than 4.0 in summer, and the ratio of 1 # and 3-8 # is greater than 4.0 in autumn, and the pollution source is mainly human sewage and feces. That is, the source of the biological source of the groundwater in the summer and autumn is the human being. (5) Because of the unique underground space structure of the karst area, the vertical connectivity is far greater than that of the horizontal direction, and the surface environment of the sampling point has an important influence on the space difference of the microbial contamination. The short-term precipitation condition and the difference of surface human activity can cause a large change in the number of microorganisms in the sampling point. The spatial difference of the underground river water in different sampling points in the same area is more obvious, which may be related to the intensity of water drop and the intensity of human activity in the region. In conclusion, the causes of microbial contamination in the research area are complicated: special hydrogeological background, pollutant discharge caused by agricultural production activities and the lack of a well-established domestic sewage collection and treatment device in the process of urbanization, causing a large amount of nutrient salts to enter the ground water, The growth and prosperity of the microorganisms in the water are promoted. In addition, the process of urbanization has led to the increase of the residents in the urban and rural areas and the number of microbial contamination sources in the groundwater, so that the degree of microbial contamination of the underground water under the influence of urbanization is much higher than that of the main pollution source in the activity of the agricultural production.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：X523
本文編號：2508591
[Abstract]:The special geological "double-layer structure" in the karst area is the most important water source in the karst area. With the increasing process of urbanization, urban sewage, domestic garbage, and agricultural production sewage have become a serious problem in the karst groundwater in the southwest. The underground river of the Longdong, Nanshan, Chongqing is a typical domestic garbage pollution. The underground river of the research area is continuously flowing, and there are no perfect domestic sewage and domestic garbage treatment facilities in the town, and the treatment of domestic sewage and garbage is basically adopted as the original sewer and the dark canal. And even surface discharge, and finally discharged into the underground river by using the water falling hole. At present, the water quality of the underground river is seriously polluted. The research of the physical and chemical process of the karst groundwater environment under the influence of human activity, the study of the microbial process of the groundwater pollution in the karst area is weak, and the spatial and seasonal difference of the number of microorganisms in the groundwater in the karst area can reflect the human activity and the degree of urbanization. The paper discusses the evolution mechanism of the groundwater environment in the process of urbanization, and the study of the space-time variation of the karst water micro-organisms is of particular importance, which provides the scientific basis for the rational and effective utilization of the karst groundwater resources, the health of the river basin and the prevention and control of the disease. The sustainable utilization of the urban water resources and the improvement of the living environment is of great significance to the research of the groundwater system in the karst city. In this study, the groundwater in the Longdong river basin of Nanshan, Chongqing is selected as the research object, and the field sample collection and laboratory analysis are carried out in 2014.1-2015.1. The sampling points are: the small courtyard, the fairy cave skylight, the Longjing X] well, the high Dongsi 1 well, the high Dongsi 2 well, the old Longdong underground river outlet, and the Zhao Jiayuan well, respectively, the short name is 1 #-8 #. The groundwater samples collected during the hydrological year are tested for indoor physical and chemical properties, and the four stool indicator strains TC (total bacterial count), EC (coliform group), FC (faecal coliform) and FS (Streptococcus faecalis) are counted by a filter membrane method, The spatial and temporal distribution of groundwater pollution in the old Longdong river basin is studied with the support of the SPSS statistical correlation analysis method. The following conclusions are obtained: (1) The chemical composition type of the groundwater in the old Longdong river basin is the Ca-Mg-SO4 type. The water quality of the eight sampling points is generally higher, of which 1 #, The groundwater of 2 #,4 # and 8 # is hard water,3 #,5 #,6 # and 7 # ground water belong to medium-hard water, and the K + and Na + content are at a high level at all sampling points, and the K +, Na + content, SO42-, The concentration of Cl-in excess of the national standard is very small, the detection rate of S042 is only 3%, and the Cl-concentration is not detected. The pollution level of N03-in groundwater is high, and the detection rate is 75%. This has a great relationship with the human daily life of the human surface and the intensity of industrial and agricultural activities. 1 #,2 #,3 # and 7 #,8 # K +, Na + content in the upper reaches of the rapid urbanization are higher than that of the 4 #,5 # and 6 # in the agricultural production activities. (2) The seasonal distribution of four kinds of faecal indicating bacteria in the living water of the groundwater in the old Longdong river basin shows the trend of decreasing the number of pollution in the spring and winter, but the seasonal variation of the microbial indicator bacteria of each sampling point is different. The bacterial community, which is different from the river or the sea, has a distinct and consistent season change. The water temperature of the groundwater in the karst area is kept constant and does not change with the change of the seasons, so the water temperature is not the main cause of the seasonal variation of the groundwater in the karst area. The sampling points are located at the bottom of the low-lying area, and the surrounding areas are densely covered with residential areas and small-scale handicraft workshops and factories, and the domestic sewage and industrial waste water generated by the sampling points are directly discharged into the environment. In the end, the underground river is entered through the water-dropping hole, and the precipitation of the underground river is carried with a large amount of stool pollution, so that the number of fecal pollution indicating bacteria in the underground water is increased. (3) The stool of the groundwater in the study area indicates that the distribution of the microorganisms has a large spatial difference and is affected by the seasonal influence. The degree of fecal pollution of all sampling points is high, in which 7 # is the most serious, which exceeds the national groundwater standard of 37.6-2.92-105-fold. The pollution level of 5 # is the lowest, but is still 22.5-1.57-104-fold.7 # is the most serious and the total number of bacteria in the fall reaches 1.5-107 CFU/ mL. The number of colibacillosis is 1.4 to 105 CFU/ mL, and 7 # ground water belongs to severe microbial contamination, and is a multi-colony area. The surrounding area is farmland, mainly engaged in the production activities such as farming, farm irrigation and other production activities. There are few residents nearby, and the generated domestic sewage is less, and the water quality is clear and the water quality is the best.1 #, The two sampling points are located in the upper reaches of the river basin, with the development of urbanization, the influence of human activity is large, and the microbial contamination is increased, and the total bacterial number is relatively high, only after 7 #.4 #,6 #, The surface environment of the three sampling points of the 8 # is mainly agricultural production activities, and the vicinity of 8 # is cultivated land. The well water is mainly used to irrigate farmland and residents to wash clothes and so on. (4) The water quality of all sampling points in the study area is in excess of the standard, and the stool pollution is the main source of the pollution in the study area. The results of the preliminary study on the source of the fecal pollution from the ratio of FC/ FS: the ratio of the FC/ FS of the three sampling points of 1 #,2 #, and 3 # is more than 103 in the summer and autumn season, and it can be assumed that the three groundwater faecal pollution mainly comes from the human's domestic wastewater; The 7 # ground water fecal pollution is all shown to be human excrement pollution within one year, and may be due to the three underground water flows from the river basin, many of which belong to the residential area and the industrial area, most of which are human domestic sewage. 8 # is affected by human excrement pollution in one year, and the ratio of other sampling points is seasonal, and the ratio of 1-3 #,7 # and 8 # is much greater than 4.0 in summer, and the ratio of 1 # and 3-8 # is greater than 4.0 in autumn, and the pollution source is mainly human sewage and feces. That is, the source of the biological source of the groundwater in the summer and autumn is the human being. (5) Because of the unique underground space structure of the karst area, the vertical connectivity is far greater than that of the horizontal direction, and the surface environment of the sampling point has an important influence on the space difference of the microbial contamination. The short-term precipitation condition and the difference of surface human activity can cause a large change in the number of microorganisms in the sampling point. The spatial difference of the underground river water in different sampling points in the same area is more obvious, which may be related to the intensity of water drop and the intensity of human activity in the region. In conclusion, the causes of microbial contamination in the research area are complicated: special hydrogeological background, pollutant discharge caused by agricultural production activities and the lack of a well-established domestic sewage collection and treatment device in the process of urbanization, causing a large amount of nutrient salts to enter the ground water, The growth and prosperity of the microorganisms in the water are promoted. In addition, the process of urbanization has led to the increase of the residents in the urban and rural areas and the number of microbial contamination sources in the groundwater, so that the degree of microbial contamination of the underground water under the influence of urbanization is much higher than that of the main pollution source in the activity of the agricultural production.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：X523
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