【摘要】：多環(huán)芳烴(PAHs)因具有高毒性、難降解、生物蓄積等特點而受到廣泛關(guān)注,大氣環(huán)境中PAHs不僅可以通過長距離輸送影響區(qū)域甚至全球空氣質(zhì)量,也可以通過呼吸和食物鏈進入人體,嚴(yán)重威脅人類健康。本文通過采集大氣環(huán)境及餐飲油煙細(xì)顆粒物樣品,利用GC-MS分析細(xì)顆粒物中PAHs,探討蘭州市大氣細(xì)顆粒物中PAHs的污染特征及其影響因素,并初步評估不同細(xì)顆粒物中PAHs的健康風(fēng)險,取得一些研究結(jié)果：(1)蘭州市大氣細(xì)顆粒物中PAHs具有明顯污染特征,ΣPAHs質(zhì)量濃度年變化呈“U”型,為9.39-202.78ng/m3,平均濃度為54.19 ng/m3;冬秋季明顯高于春夏季,且冬季最高,夏季最低；采暖期ΣPAHs質(zhì)量濃度遠(yuǎn)高于非采暖期,分別為102.43ng/m3和19.74ng/m3。不同季節(jié)大氣細(xì)顆粒物中PAHs均以4～6環(huán)為主,春秋冬季BbF的污染水平較高,夏季則為BkF。(2)蘭州市不同季節(jié)大氣顆粒物中PAHs來源不盡相同,大氣細(xì)顆粒物中PAHs主要來源于燃煤和機動車尾氣,春夏季主要來源為石油源和燃煤,且夏季有部分來源于秸稈燃燒；秋季主要來源為燃煤、石油源以及秸稈的燃燒,有部分煉焦及鋼鐵源；冬季主要來源為燃煤。(3)蘭州市餐飲店以中小型為主,占總量的80%以上,經(jīng)營類型多樣,清潔能源占總量的63.11%,但安裝油煙凈化設(shè)施的比例較低,僅為36.42%；油煙中PM2.5的質(zhì)量濃度遠(yuǎn)高于大氣環(huán)境,操作間和油煙排放口PM2.5平均質(zhì)量濃度分別為2044.75μg/m3和5644.62μg/m3。(4)餐飲店操作間和油煙排放口細(xì)顆粒物中ΣPAHs質(zhì)量濃度范圍分別為170.58～499.71ng/m3和219.76～836.14ng/m3；且以4～5環(huán)為主,分別占ΣPAHs的61.36%和62.29%,其中Pyr污染水平較高,質(zhì)量濃度分別為38.57ng/m3和61.91ng/m3。(5)不同餐飲類別操作間和油煙排放口細(xì)顆粒物中ΣPAHs污染水平以酒樓和烤肉較高,質(zhì)量濃度分別為499.71ng/m3和616.71ng/m3,湘菜最低；ΣPAHs質(zhì)量濃度隨著爐灶數(shù)的增加而逐漸升高,不同食用油和燃料油煙細(xì)顆粒物中ΣPAHs質(zhì)量濃度分別以色拉油和燃煤最高。(6)成人和兒童通過呼吸暴露Bap的終身致癌超額危險度分別為1.25×10-5和8.73×10-6,造成預(yù)期壽命損失分別為77.86min和54.26min；餐飲工作人員終身致癌風(fēng)險在4.40×10-6～2.61×10-5之間,平均值為1.15×10-5,餐飲工作人員的預(yù)期壽命損失為27.33～162.02min,平均值為71.21min。綜上所述,蘭州市大氣及餐飲油煙細(xì)顆粒物中PAHs均處于較高的污染水平,不同人群(成人、兒童和餐飲工作人員)呼吸暴露致癌風(fēng)險均超過WHO推薦的可接受水平1×10-6。
[Abstract]:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have received extensive attention because of their high toxicity, refractory degradation and bioaccumulation. PAHs in atmospheric environment can not only affect regional and global air quality through long-distance transport, but also affect regional and global air quality. It can also enter the human body through breathing and food chain, which is a serious threat to human health. In this paper, the pollution characteristics of fine particulate matter (PAHs) in atmosphere and fine particulate matter in Lanzhou city and its influencing factors were studied by means of GC-MS analysis of PAHs, in fine particulate matter of atmospheric environment and fine particulate matter of food and beverage. The health risks of PAHs in different fine particles were evaluated and some results were obtained as follows: (1) PAHs in atmospheric fine particles in Lanzhou had obvious pollution characteristics, and the annual variation of 危 PAHs concentration was "U" type, which was 9.39 ~ 202.78 ng / m3. Mean concentration was 54.19 ng/m3; It was higher in winter and autumn than in spring and summer, and the highest in winter and the lowest in summer; The concentration of 危 PAHs in heating period was much higher than that in non-heating period, which were 102.43ng/m3 and 19.74 ng / m 3, respectively. The PAHs in fine particulate matter in different seasons was mainly 4 ~ 6 rings, the pollution level of BbF in spring, autumn and winter was relatively high, and in summer, the source of PAHs in atmospheric particulate matter in Lanzhou was different from that in BkF. (2) in different seasons, and the pollution level was higher in spring and autumn than in summer. The main sources of PAHs in atmospheric fine particulate matter are coal combustion and motor vehicle exhaust, oil and coal combustion are the main sources in spring and summer, and some of them come from straw combustion in summer. The main sources in autumn are coal combustion, petroleum and straw combustion, and some coking and iron sources. The main source in winter is coal burning. (3) the restaurants in Lanzhou City are mainly medium and small size, accounting for more than 80% of the total. The types of operation are diverse, and the clean energy accounts for 63.11% of the total. However, the proportion of installation of oil fume purification facilities is relatively low, only 36.42%; The mass concentration of PM2.5 in oil fume is much higher than that in atmospheric environment. The average mass concentration of PM2.5 was 2044.75 渭 g / m ~ 3 and 5644.62 渭 g / m ~ (3) 路(4) the concentration range of 危 PAHs in fine particulate matter was 170.58~499.71ng in the operation room and oil fume vent, respectively. / m3 and 219.76 / 836.14 ng / m3; It is mainly composed of 4 ~ 5 rings, accounting for 61.36% and 62.29% of 危 PAHs, respectively. The pollution level of Pyr is relatively high. The concentrations of 危 PAHs were 38.57ng/m3 and 61.91 ng / m3. (5) the 危 PAHs pollution levels in fine particulate matter were higher in restaurants and barbecues, and the concentrations of 危 PAHs were 616.71 ng / m3 and 616.71 ng / m3 in different food and beverage operation rooms, respectively, and the pollution levels of 危 PAHs in fine particulate matter were higher in restaurants and barbecued meats, respectively. Hunan cuisine is the lowest; The mass concentration of 危 PAHs increases gradually with the increase of the number of stoves. The concentrations of 危 PAHs in fine particulate matter of edible oil and fuel oil were the highest in salad oil and coal combustion respectively. (6) the lifetime excess carcinogenic risk of Bap exposure in adults and children was 1.25 脳 10 脳 5 and 8.73 脳 10 脳 6, respectively. The life expectancy loss was 77.86min and 54.26 min respectively. The lifetime carcinogenic risk of catering workers ranged from 4.40 脳 10 ~ (- 6) to 2.61 脳 10 ~ (- 5), with an average of 1.15 脳 10 ~ (5). The life expectancy loss of catering workers was 27.33 ~ 162.02 minutes (average 71.21 minutes). In conclusion, the levels of PAHs in air and fine particulate matter of catering oil smoke in Lanzhou were high, and the risk of carcinogenesis of respiratory exposure in different groups (adults, children and catering workers) was higher than the acceptable level of 1 脳 10 ~ (- 6) recommended by WHO.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：蘭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：X513;X823

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