【摘要】：在全球氣候變暖及不合理的人類活動影響下,干旱事件發(fā)生的頻率、程度及持續(xù)時間都在增強(qiáng),干旱事件呈現(xiàn)廣發(fā)、頻發(fā)態(tài)勢。氣候變暖導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果是區(qū)域內(nèi)水循環(huán)的變化和徑流系數(shù)發(fā)生相應(yīng)的變化。濕地作為一個完善的自然生態(tài)能力系統(tǒng),也遭受著越來越嚴(yán)重的干旱影響。呼倫湖濕地位于我國內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)東北部,近年來,受氣候暖干化和人類不合理利用濕地水資源的影響,周邊地區(qū)出現(xiàn)了嚴(yán)重的生態(tài)危機(jī),濕地來水量減少,去水量增多,水位下降,湖面萎縮,生物多樣性減少,濕地生態(tài)環(huán)境正在急劇惡化。本文以呼倫湖濕地為研究對象,根據(jù)呼倫湖濕地水文特征與流域水循環(huán)關(guān)系,利用濕地水量平衡關(guān)系,選取濕地最小生態(tài)水位作為干旱指示指標(biāo),建立濕地生態(tài)干早評價指數(shù)對呼倫湖濕地進(jìn)行生態(tài)干旱評價,為濕地保護(hù)和濕地干旱評價提供依據(jù)�？偟膩碚f,本文取得的成果如下：(1)根據(jù)呼倫湖濕地水循環(huán)系統(tǒng)演變特征,分別對呼倫湖濕地的氣象條件、徑流量及下墊面條件的變化進(jìn)行分析。近年來濕地氣溫升高、降水減少、蒸發(fā)呈下降趨勢,濕地徑流量逐年減少,耕地面積、城鎮(zhèn)及居民用地、未利用土地面積逐年增多,林地、草地面積、水域面積逐年減少。(2)在對濕地徑流指數(shù)的分析的基礎(chǔ)上,計(jì)算濕地徑流干旱指數(shù),通過游程理論對干旱指數(shù)進(jìn)行識別,呼倫湖濕地干旱主要發(fā)生在秋季和冬季,平均干旱歷時和平均干旱烈度呈增長狀態(tài)。在進(jìn)入21世紀(jì)以后,干旱頻發(fā),持續(xù)時間長,干旱烈度大。在水量平衡的基礎(chǔ)上,通過對濕地降水量、蒸散發(fā)量、出入湖水量等因素的分析處理,構(gòu)建呼倫湖濕地干旱指數(shù),并對呼倫湖生態(tài)干旱指數(shù)進(jìn)行敏感性分析,結(jié)果表明濕地干旱指數(shù)能夠反映濕地歷史最干旱情況。在分析濕地生態(tài)基流和敏感生態(tài)需水的基礎(chǔ)上,提出濕地生態(tài)保護(hù)與修復(fù)的措施：主要包括工程措施和非工程措施兩部分。其中工程措施主要有生態(tài)需水保障措施、水環(huán)境保護(hù)措施、河湖生境形態(tài)修復(fù)措施、水生生物保護(hù)與修復(fù)措施等,非工程措施包括生態(tài)補(bǔ)償、生態(tài)調(diào)度、生態(tài)監(jiān)控以及技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)建設(shè)等監(jiān)督管理措施。
[Abstract]:Under the influence of global warming and unreasonable human activities, the frequency, degree and duration of drought events are increasing. The result of climate warming is the change of water cycle and runoff coefficient. Wetland, as a perfect natural ecological capacity system, is also suffering from more and more serious drought. The wetland of Hulun Lake is located in the northeast of Inner Mongolia Autonomous region of China. In recent years, affected by climate warming and unreasonable utilization of wetland water resources, serious ecological crisis has appeared in the surrounding areas, where the amount of water coming from the wetland has decreased and the amount of water removed has increased. The water level drops, the lake surface shrinks, the biodiversity decreases, the wetland ecological environment is deteriorating sharply. According to the relationship between the hydrological characteristics of the wetland and the watershed water cycle, the minimum ecological water level of the wetland is chosen as the indicator of drought, according to the relationship between the hydrological characteristics of the wetland and the watershed water cycle. The evaluation index of wetland ecological dry early was established to evaluate the ecological drought of Hulun Lake wetland, which provided the basis for wetland protection and wetland drought evaluation. In general, the results obtained in this paper are as follows: (1) according to the evolution characteristics of the water circulation system in the Hulun Lake wetland, the changes of meteorological conditions, runoff and underlying surface conditions of the Hulun Lake wetland are analyzed respectively. In recent years, the temperature of wetland increased, precipitation decreased, evaporation decreased, runoff of wetland decreased year by year, cultivated land area, urban and residential land, unused land area increased year by year, woodland and grassland area increased year by year. The water area is decreasing year by year. (2) based on the analysis of wetland runoff index, the drought index of wetland runoff is calculated, and the drought index is identified by running theory. The drought of Hulun Lake wetland mainly occurs in autumn and winter. The average drought duration and average drought intensity increased. After entering the 21 st century, drought occurs frequently and lasts for a long time. On the basis of water balance, through the analysis and treatment of wetland precipitation, evapotranspiration and water flow in and out of the lake, the wetland drought index of Hulun Lake was constructed, and the ecological drought index of Hulun Lake was analyzed. The results show that the wetland drought index can reflect the most arid situation in wetland history. Based on the analysis of wetland ecological basic flow and sensitive ecological water demand, the measures of wetland ecological protection and restoration are put forward, including engineering measures and non-engineering measures. The engineering measures include ecological water demand protection measures, water environment protection measures, river and lake habitat restoration measures, aquatic biological protection and restoration measures, etc. Non-engineering measures include ecological compensation, ecological regulation, etc. Ecological monitoring and technical standards construction and other supervision and management measures.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：昆明理工大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：X171.4

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