【摘要】：工業(yè)革命以來,城市作為人類活動最頻繁的地域空間,一直是物質(zhì)、能量、信息交換最活躍的場所。城市人為熱通量(Anthropogenic Heat Flux, AHF)是指城市中由人類活動產(chǎn)生并排放到大氣中的那一部分熱量,過去由于人為熱的排放較小,在城市熱島的研究中常常忽略其影響,近年來隨著城市能源消耗的不斷增加,產(chǎn)生的人為熱量釋放是城市熱島效應(yīng)加劇的重要影響因子。學(xué)界對于人為熱的研究還處在探索階段,對其進(jìn)行定量研究分析具有理論和實踐兩方面的意義。 本文在整理國內(nèi)外城市人為熱研究領(lǐng)域相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)的基礎(chǔ)上,通過對比能源清單法和地表能量平衡法兩種計算人為的方法,發(fā)現(xiàn)基于能量平衡法的遙感估算方法在空間分布和數(shù)值上更加接近實際情況。利用1991年、2000年、2010年LandsatTM遙感影像計算了研究區(qū)的NDVI、MNDWI、地表反照率、地表比輻射率、地表溫度等地表參數(shù),同時提取了三年的土地利用/覆蓋分類信息。結(jié)合同期氣象數(shù)據(jù)計算了多個氣象參數(shù),包括空氣動力學(xué)阻力、地表水汽擴(kuò)散阻力、空氣比輻射率、大氣透射率等一系列參數(shù)�；诔鞘械乇砟芰科胶夥匠�,利用上述這些遙感參數(shù)和氣象參數(shù)分別計算出地表凈輻射、顯熱通量、潛熱通量、土壤熱通量,最終可以獲取不同年份的城市人為熱通量排放的空間分布圖像。杭州人為熱排放的最大值在1991年為83.63Wm-2,2000年為147.68Wm-2,到2010年為287.17Wm-2,利用GIS空間分析功能統(tǒng)計出歷年平均值分別為18.76Wm-2、27.5Wm-2、125.66Wm-2,得出2000-2010年間是人為熱排放增加迅速的時期。 運(yùn)用定量和定性相結(jié)合的方法,在分析杭州人為熱時空變化的基礎(chǔ)上,對人為熱和城市發(fā)展的社會經(jīng)濟(jì)、用地擴(kuò)張、不透水地面變化的關(guān)系進(jìn)行分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)城市人為熱通量與城市人口密度、GDP、不透水面比率呈正相關(guān),而與城市建設(shè)用地面積無絕對關(guān)系,用地內(nèi)部發(fā)生的活動變化是導(dǎo)致人為熱在數(shù)值上攀升的主因。通過提取城市南北向和東西向剖面線上LST曲線和AHF曲線,發(fā)現(xiàn)城市人為熱通量和地表溫度變化趨勢基本一致,得到城市人為熱的排放對地表有增溫作用,從而證明了人為熱排放是城市熱島效應(yīng)加劇的主要原因之一。最后針對不同的人為熱源提出了人為熱排放減緩的措施與建議。
[Abstract]:Since the Industrial Revolution, cities, as the most frequent regional space for human activities, have been the most active places for material, energy and information exchange. Urban anthropogenic heat flux (Anthropogenic Heat Flux, AHF) is the part of heat produced by human activities and placed in the atmosphere. In the past, the effects of anthropogenic heat flux (Anthropogenic Heat Flux, AHF) were often ignored in urban heat island studies because of the small anthropogenic heat emissions. In recent years, with the increasing of urban energy consumption, the anthropogenic heat release is an important factor in the intensification of urban heat island effect. The academic research on artificial heat is still in the exploratory stage. It has theoretical and practical significance to study and analyze it quantitatively. In this paper, on the basis of sorting out the relevant literatures in the field of urban artificial heat research at home and abroad, by comparing the energy inventory method with the surface energy balance method, It is found that the spatial distribution and numerical value of the remote sensing estimation method based on the energy balance method are closer to the actual situation. Based on the LandsatTM remote sensing images of 1991, 2000 and 2010, the surface parameters such as NDVI,MNDWI, surface albedo, surface specific emissivity and surface temperature were calculated, and the land use / cover classification information for three years was extracted. Several meteorological parameters, including aerodynamic resistance, surface water vapor diffusion resistance, air specific emissivity, atmospheric transmittance and so on, are calculated based on the meteorological data of the same period. Based on the energy balance equation of urban surface, the surface net radiation, sensible heat flux, latent heat flux and soil heat flux are calculated by using these remote sensing parameters and meteorological parameters, respectively. Finally, the spatial distribution of urban anthropogenic heat flux in different years can be obtained. The maximum value of anthropogenic heat emission in Hangzhou was 83.63 Wm-2 in 1991, 147.68 Wm-2 in 2000 and 287.17Wm-2 in 2010. The average value of anthropogenic heat emission was 18.76 Wm-227.5Wm-2125.66 Wm-2 by using the spatial analysis function of GIS. It is concluded that the period of 2000-2010 is a period of rapid increase of anthropogenic heat emissions. Based on the analysis of the temporal and spatial changes of artificial heat in Hangzhou, the relationship between the social economy, land use expansion and impermeable surface changes of artificial heat and urban development is analyzed by means of the combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. It is found that the anthropogenic heat flux is positively correlated with the urban population density and the ratio of GDP, impervious surface, but not with the area of urban construction land. By extracting the LST curves and AHF curves from the profile lines of the city's south-north and east-west directions, it is found that the urban anthropogenic heat flux is basically consistent with the change trend of the surface temperature, and it is concluded that the urban anthropogenic heat emission has the effect of increasing the temperature of the surface. Therefore, it is proved that anthropogenic heat emission is one of the main reasons for the aggravation of urban heat island effect. Finally, the measures and suggestions for the mitigation of anthropogenic heat emission are put forward for different anthropogenic heat sources.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：浙江大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：X87;X16

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