本文選題：溴敵隆 + 氰戊菊酯�。� 參考：《浙江大學》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：農藥的大量使用造成了嚴重的環(huán)境污染,對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)構成了嚴重威脅。本研究以土壤生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中廣泛采用的無脊椎動物蚯蚓為模式生物,研究了目前廣泛使用的溴敵隆、氰戊菊酯和哌蟲啶三種農藥對蚯蚓的急性毒性、體重變化、氧化損傷和生物富集作用。溴敵隆是一種廣泛使用的第二代抗凝血滅鼠劑,目前尚無溴敵隆對蚯蚓毒性的相關報道。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),土壤中溴敵隆的濃度達到1mg/kg,即會對蚯蚓產生毒性作用,這一濃度在野外農田中可能達到,因此可認為暴露溴敵隆會對蚯蚓產生潛在風險。同時,暴露亞致死濃度的溴敵隆會抑制蚯蚓的生長。本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),溴敵隆暴露下,與對照組相比,蚯蚓體內抗氧化防御系統(tǒng)酶SOD和CAT活性沒有顯著性變化,而MDA含量顯著增加。結果表明,MDA是較敏感的生物標志物。本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),隨著暴露時間的增加,溴敵隆能富集到蚯蚓體內,而且富集濃度與土壤中溴敵隆濃度有關。溴敵隆在蚯蚓體內的生物富集因子(BSAFs)隨著土壤中溴敵隆濃度的增加而減小。本研究結果表明,溴敵隆使用后蚯蚓不僅是潛在的中毒目標,而且是食蟲動物和食腐動物二次暴露的來源。氰戊菊酯是一種典型的手性擬除蟲菊酯殺蟲劑,其S型對映體即順式氰戊菊酯為其有效活性成分。本研究比較了氰戊菊酯外消旋體與順式氰戊菊酯對蚯蚓的毒性和生物富集的對映體選擇性。研究結果表明,順式氰戊菊酯對蚯蚓的毒性比氰戊菊酯毒性更大。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),隨著暴露時間的延長,氰戊菊酯和順式氰戊菊酯的暴露會抑制蚯蚓的生長,而且順式氰戊菊酯對蚯蚓生長的抑制作用更強。本實驗中順式氰戊菊酯對蚯蚓生長的抑制作用更強,可能是因為順式氰戊菊酯對蚯蚓毒性更大,蚯蚓體內糖原和脂肪消耗以及蛋白質含量降低更多,從而導致順式氰戊菊酯暴露下蚯蚓體重抑制作用更加明顯。研究結果表明,暴露氰戊菊酯和順式氰戊菊酯后,蚯蚓體內抗氧化酶活性較為一致,即蚯蚓體內CAT活性先被抑制,后隨著暴露時間的增加被顯著誘導；蚯蚓體內SOD整體上均被顯著誘導；蚯蚓體內MDA含量變化有較大差異。研究結果表明,對于氰戊菊酯,SOD是較敏感的生物標志物,而對于順式氰戊菊酯,MDA是較敏感的生物標志物。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),隨著暴露時間的增加,氰戊菊酯和順式氰戊菊酯能富集到蚯蚓體內,而且毒性小的氰戊菊酯在暴露末期生物富集因子(BSAFs)更大。研究表明,在評價手性農藥對生物的毒性和生物富集時應考慮對映體選擇性。哌蟲啶是我國自主研制的新型創(chuàng)制農藥,目前尚無其對蚯蚓的毒性評價數(shù)據(jù)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),哌蟲啶屬于低毒農藥,而且比其他煙堿類殺蟲劑的毒性低。土壤中哌蟲啶濃度達到的50mg/kg就會對蚯蚓產生毒性作用。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),長時間暴露哌蟲啶會抑制蚯蚓的生長。研究結果表明,哌蟲啶暴露下,蚯蚓體內CAT和SOD均被顯著誘導,而且CAT在最短暴露時間最低濃度0.1mg/kg即有顯著作用,表明CAT是對哌蟲啶更為敏感的生物標志物。只有在高濃度和長時間暴露下,MDA含量有顯著性變化,表明MDA對哌蟲啶的暴露不敏感。本研究豐富了蚯蚓作為模式生物的毒性數(shù)據(jù),同時也為三種農藥在土壤中的生態(tài)風險評價提供了更加有力的科學依據(jù)。
[Abstract]:The extensive use of pesticides has caused serious environmental pollution and poses a serious threat to the ecosystem. In this study, the extensive use of invertebrate earthworms in the soil ecosystem was used as a model organism. The acute toxicity, body weight change and oxidation loss of three kinds of agricultural drugs which were widely used at present were studied. Brulide and bioaccumulation. Brobrom is a widely used second generation anticoagulant rodenticide. At present, there is no related report on the toxicity of brobrom on earthworm. This study found that the concentration of bromate in the soil is 1mg/kg, which is toxic to earthworms. This concentration may be reached in the field outside the field. Therefore, the brominated enemy can be exposed to the brominated enemy. In this study, there was no significant change in the activity of enzyme SOD and CAT in the antioxidant defense system in the earthworms compared with the control group, and the MDA content increased significantly. The results showed that MDA was a more sensitive biomarker. The study also found that with the increase of exposure time, the concentration of the eisenon can be enriched in the earthworms, and the concentration of the enrichment factor is related to the concentration of the medium in the soil. The bioaccumulation factor (BSAFs) in the earthworm is decreased with the increase of the concentration of the medium in the earthworm. The toxic target, and the source of two exposure of insectivorous animals and rotten animals. Fenvalerate is a typical chiral pyrethroid insecticide, its S enantiomer is cis fenvalerate as its active component. This study compared the toxicity and bioaccumulation of fenvalerate racemate and CIS fenvalerate to earthworms. The results showed that the toxicity of CIS fenvalerate to earthworms was more toxic than that of fenvalerate. The study also found that the exposure of fenvalerate and CIS fenvalerate could inhibit the growth of earthworms with the exposure time, and the inhibitory effect of CIS fenvalerate on earthworm growth was stronger. The inhibitory effect of ester on earthworm growth is stronger, probably because CIS fenvalerate is more toxic to earthworms, the consumption of glycogen and fat and the decrease of protein content in earthworms are more obvious, which leads to more obvious inhibition of earthworm body weight under the exposure of fenvalerate. The activity of antioxidant enzymes in earthworms is more consistent, that is, the CAT activity in earthworms is inhibited first and then is significantly induced with the increase of exposure time; the SOD in the earthworms are all significantly induced in the earthworms, and the changes of MDA content in the earthworms are different. The results show that the SOD is a more sensitive biomarker for fenvalerate, and for the fenvalerate. CIS fenvalerate, MDA is a more sensitive biomarker. The study found that Fenvalerate and CIS fenvalerate can be enriched in earthworms with the increase of exposure time, and the small toxic fenvalerate (BSAFs) is greater at the end of exposure. The study shows that the toxicity and bioaccumulation of chiral pesticides to organisms are evaluated. The enantioselectivity should be considered. Piperidin is a new type of pesticide created by our country. At present, there is no toxic evaluation data on earthworms. It is found that piperidin belongs to low toxic pesticide and is less toxic than other nicotinic insecticides. The 50mg/kg of piperidine concentration in soil will be toxic to earthworms. The long-term exposure of piperidin could inhibit the growth of earthworms. The results showed that CAT and SOD were significantly induced by piperidine exposure, and the minimum concentration of 0.1mg/kg in the shortest exposure time of CAT was significant, indicating that CAT was a more sensitive biomarker for piperidin. Only at high concentration and long exposure, MDA There is a significant change in content, which indicates that MDA is not sensitive to the exposure of piperidin. This study enriches the toxic data of earthworms as model organisms, and also provides a more powerful scientific basis for the ecological risk assessment of three pesticides in soil.

【學位授予單位】：浙江大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：X592

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