本文選題：霾 + 非霾��； 參考：《上海海洋大學》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：上海毗鄰長江口海域,其日益推進的工業(yè)化、城市化進程為經(jīng)濟帶來增長的同時,也對生態(tài)環(huán)境施加了重大壓力,且長江三角洲區(qū)域是霾污染的高發(fā)區(qū),上海市年霾污染天數(shù)更是高達192天,嚴重的影響了長江口海域的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。霾天氣下細顆粒物會在大氣環(huán)流的作用下進入海洋,部分沉降,部分遠距離輸入遠海寡營養(yǎng)海區(qū),為其增添新的生產(chǎn)力。為了探討霾天氣下,細顆粒物對海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)環(huán)境的影響,本研究通過對上海市10個環(huán)境監(jiān)測站的PM2.5濃度以及長江口43個監(jiān)測站點23個環(huán)境因子進行了分析,比較了霾與非霾期間,長江口環(huán)境因子的季節(jié)變化差異,并就PM2.5、霾與各環(huán)境因子進行了Pearson相關(guān)性分析,其成果可為霾天氣下海洋環(huán)境的研究以及近海養(yǎng)殖業(yè)的發(fā)展提供必要的科學依據(jù),結(jié)果如下:(1)上海市日均PM2.5濃度高于0.065μg/m3的33天,其中冬季有30天,春季有3天。從霾污染等級看,重度霾出現(xiàn)次數(shù):冬季春季夏季秋季;中度霾出現(xiàn)次數(shù):春季夏季冬季秋季;輕度霾出現(xiàn)次數(shù):春季秋季夏季=冬季。氣候、降水以及人為的生物質(zhì)燃燒共同作用使上海霾天氣呈現(xiàn)春高秋低,冬季嚴重的狀態(tài)。(2)23個環(huán)境因子中,溫度、溶解氧、化學耗氧量、活性磷酸鹽、總有機碳5種環(huán)境因子在霾與非霾期呈現(xiàn)相同的季節(jié)變化趨勢,且霾期間濃度均低于非霾期間,春季的溫度除外;砷、活性硅酸鹽、硝酸鹽,霾期間均低于非霾期;鹽度霾期間高于非霾期。懸浮物濃度受長江徑流輸入的影響較大,終年維持著高濃度,夏、秋季向外海擴散。油類無明顯的變化趨勢,主要受船舶污染的影響。汞、銅、鉛、鎘在霾與非霾期間無明顯的規(guī)律可循,但在春季汞、鉛、銅霾期的濃度明顯高于非霾期,可能是因為顆粒物沉降是需要一定過程的,在霾發(fā)生期間積聚增長,在非霾期間沉降。冬季是重度霾的高發(fā)期,小時霾持續(xù)時間長,經(jīng)常連續(xù)12小時均出現(xiàn)小時霾,因此,顆粒物負載這些重金屬,不斷的積聚,在霾消散后再沉降,從而出現(xiàn)春季偏高的趨勢,霾期與非霾期重金屬的沉降還有待研究。其他營養(yǎng)鹽在霾與非霾期間同樣無明顯的規(guī)律可循,可能是因為顆粒物所攜帶的營養(yǎng)鹽只是海水水質(zhì)中的一個次要因素;也可能是沉降后浮游植物群落發(fā)生變化,導致營養(yǎng)鹽的分布與濃度也發(fā)生改變,浮游植物對霾的響應(yīng)還有待研究。(3)葉綠素a是海洋浮游植物生產(chǎn)力的重要表征。重度霾出現(xiàn)時,葉綠素a濃度普遍不高。而輕度霾、中度霾出現(xiàn)時,葉綠素a濃度則有所上升。霾周期中,霾期間葉綠素a濃度較霾前葉綠素a濃度有所增加,霾消散后葉綠素a濃度較霾前葉綠素a濃度有所減少,且霾污染然過程對葉綠素a濃度的增長有延遲效應(yīng),推測霾對葉綠素a的影響初期主要影響因子為光照,中后期為營養(yǎng)鹽。浮游植物、浮游動物在春、夏季其密度和生物量在霾期均要高于非霾期,推測其對霾的響應(yīng)與葉綠素a類似,在輕度霾出現(xiàn)時,促進其生長繁殖,重度霾時,抑制其生長繁殖。(4)PM2.5和水溫呈現(xiàn)顯著的負相關(guān)關(guān)系。PM2.5細顆粒中硫酸鹽類氣溶膠能夠直接散射和吸收太陽輻射,可以使海水表面溫度降低。霾時與鹽度呈顯著的正相關(guān)關(guān)系,與水溫和化學耗氧量存在顯著的負相關(guān)性。PM2.5濃度與砷存在顯著的負相關(guān)性,與鎘存在顯著的正相關(guān)性。PM2.5濃度升高,Cd在水中的溶解性增強,從而表現(xiàn)為霾期間海水中濃度較高;而As在在水中的溶解性是減弱的,所以體現(xiàn)為霾天的濃度普遍低于非霾天。霾時與砷在0.01水平上存在顯著的負相關(guān)性,與鎘不存在顯著的相關(guān)性,可能是因為隨著霾的持續(xù),PM2.5粒徑逐漸移向粗模態(tài),Cd在水中微量的溶解達到飽和。PM2.5的濃度與活性硅酸鹽存在顯著的負相關(guān)性。霾時與硅酸鹽、硝酸鹽氮、活性磷酸鹽呈現(xiàn)顯著的負相關(guān)關(guān)系�？梢钥闯�,在霾發(fā)生初期,浮游植物主要利用海水中的硅酸鹽,霾持續(xù)過程中,浮游植物開始利用硝酸鹽氮、其次為活性磷酸鹽。從三者的相關(guān)性推斷這3種營養(yǎng)鹽具有相同的來源,由于PM2.5細顆粒物中尚未有硅酸根的研究,因此有可能是來自北方的氣團攜帶沙塵氣溶膠作用于采樣海域。
[Abstract]:Shanghai, which is adjacent to the Yangtze Estuary, has increased its industrialization, the urbanization process has brought economic growth and also exerted great pressure on the ecological environment, and the Yangtze River Delta region is a high haze area of haze pollution. The number of haze pollution days in Shanghai is up to 192 days, which seriously affects the sustainable development of the Yangtze Estuary. Haze weather In order to explore the effects of fine particles on the marine ecosystem environment in haze weather, the PM2.5 concentration of 10 environmental monitoring stations in Shanghai and 43 of the Yangtze Estuary are discussed. 23 environmental factors were analyzed. The seasonal variation of environmental factors in the Yangtze Estuary was compared between haze and non haze. The Pearson correlation analysis was carried out on PM2.5, haze and environmental factors. The results could provide the necessary scientific basis for the study of marine environment and the development of coastal culture in haze weather. The results are as follows. (1) the daily average PM2.5 concentration in Shanghai is higher than that of 0.065 mu g/m3, of which there are 30 days in winter and 3 days in spring. From the level of haze pollution, the occurrence times of severe haze are: winter spring, summer and autumn, the occurrence times of moderate haze, spring summer winter autumn, the occurrence times of mild haze, autumn summer = winter in spring season, climate, precipitation and human biomass burning. The joint effect makes Shanghai haze weather present high autumn and low autumn low and severe winter condition. (2) among 23 environmental factors, temperature, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen consumption, active phosphate, and total organic carbon 5 environmental factors show the same seasonal variation trend in haze and non haze periods, and the concentration of haze is lower than non haze period, except in spring; arsenic and active silicon Salt, nitrate and haze were all lower than non haze periods, and the concentration of salt haze was higher than non haze period. The concentration of suspended matter was greatly influenced by the input of Yangtze River runoff, maintained high concentration in the last year, and spread to the sea in the summer and autumn. There was no obvious change trend of oil. However, the concentration of mercury, lead and copper haze in the spring is obviously higher than that in the non haze period, which may be due to the need for a certain process, the accumulation of particles in the haze period, the settlement during the haze period, the high haze period of the heavy haze, the long haze duration, and the haze for 12 hours. Therefore, the particles load these heavy loads. Metal, continuous accumulation, after the haze dissipates and then subsidence, then the trend of the high in spring, the deposition of heavy metals in haze and non haze period remains to be studied. Other nutrients are also not evidently regular during haze and haze, maybe because the nutrients carried by the particles are only a minor factor in the water quality of the sea; The phytoplankton community changes and the distribution and concentration of nutrients are also changed, and the response of phytoplankton to haze remains to be studied. (3) chlorophyll a is an important characterization of the productivity of marine phytoplankton. When severe haze appears, chlorophyll a concentration is generally not high. While mild haze and moderate haze appear, the concentration of chlorophyll a In the haze period, chlorophyll a concentration in haze period is more than before haze, chlorophyll a concentration increases, chlorophyll a concentration is less than the chlorophyll a concentration before haze extinction, and the haze pollution process has delayed effect on chlorophyll a concentration growth. It is speculated that the main influence factor of haze to chlorophyll a is light in the early stage, and in the middle and later period it is nutrition. The density and biomass of zooplankton in spring and summer were higher than non haze periods in the haze period, and the response to haze was similar to chlorophyll a. When the mild haze appeared, it promoted its growth and reproduction, and inhibited its growth and reproduction when the haze was heavy. (4) PM2.5 and water temperature showed a significant negative correlation between.PM2.5 fine particles and sulphate gas. The sols can directly scatter and absorb the solar radiation, which can reduce the temperature of the surface of the sea water. There is a significant positive correlation between the salinity and the salinity. There is a significant negative correlation with the water temperature and chemical oxygen consumption, and there is a significant negative correlation between the.PM2.5 concentration and the arsenic. There is a significant positive correlation with the cadmium concentration of.PM2.5, and the solubility of Cd in the water. In the haze, the concentration of the sea water is higher, and the solubility of the As in the water is weakened, so the concentration of haze is generally lower than that of the non haze days. There is a significant negative correlation between the haze and the arsenic at the 0.01 level, and there is no significant correlation with the cadmium. It is probably because the particle size of the PM2.5 gradually moves towards the coarse with the haze. There is a significant negative correlation between the concentration of Cd in water and the concentration of saturated.PM2.5 to the active silicate in the water. The haze has a significant negative correlation with the silicate, nitrate nitrogen and active phosphate. It can be seen that phytoplankton mainly use the silicate in the sea water at the early stage of haze, and the phytoplankton begins in the haze process. Using nitrate nitrogen and followed by active phosphate, it is inferred from the correlation of the three that the 3 kinds of nutrients have the same source. Since there is no silicic acid in the PM2.5 fine particles, it is possible that the dust aerosols from the air masses from the north will act on the sampling area.

【學位授予單位】：上海海洋大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：X513

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