本文選題：生態(tài)系統(tǒng)恢復(fù)模式 + 生態(tài)系統(tǒng)健康運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)　； 參考：《西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：我國自20世紀(jì)50年代后期廣泛呈現(xiàn)粗放式的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長方式,生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營水平低,規(guī)模小。其特征是"高能耗、高污染、低效率”,嚴(yán)重打破了生態(tài)平衡,造成了農(nóng)業(yè)的惡性循環(huán),如種植業(yè)廣種薄收,重用輕養(yǎng);林業(yè)過量采伐,重采輕造;森林過度采伐,草原過度放牧。對自然資源的不合理利用,生態(tài)環(huán)境的整體惡化,水土流失,土地沙漠化,水和空氣的污染等等已成為制約我國農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的主要因素。黃土高原地區(qū)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)恢復(fù)模式作為一種成套的技術(shù)體系,該模式在黃土高原地區(qū)上的廣泛實(shí)施與運(yùn)用,可以推動黃土高原地區(qū)的生態(tài)環(huán)境恢復(fù),促進(jìn)黃土高原地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)社會進(jìn)步,實(shí)現(xiàn)黃土高原地區(qū)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。因此,本文立足于當(dāng)前我國的基本國情,緊密結(jié)合黃土高原地區(qū)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)恢復(fù)的實(shí)際,通過對黃土高原地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)恢復(fù)模式的分析,得到以下主要結(jié)論:(1)生態(tài)問題的日益突出,生態(tài)經(jīng)濟(jì)逐步成為社會各界的關(guān)心熱點(diǎn)。要探求我國生態(tài)經(jīng)濟(jì)的正確路徑,解決發(fā)展過程中面對的問題,應(yīng)答可能出現(xiàn)的挑戰(zhàn),就要解釋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)恢復(fù)的內(nèi)涵。本文梳理了國內(nèi)外黃土高原地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展生態(tài)系統(tǒng)恢復(fù)模式理論和建設(shè)實(shí)踐,總結(jié)了黃土高原地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中生態(tài)系統(tǒng)恢復(fù)模式發(fā)展經(jīng)驗(yàn),綜合國內(nèi)外不同觀點(diǎn),對黃土高原地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展生態(tài)系統(tǒng)恢復(fù)模式具有不同的概念進(jìn)行篩選與歸納,根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)刈匀弧v史、社會和經(jīng)濟(jì)情況,確定了黃土高原地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展生態(tài)系統(tǒng)恢復(fù)模式的內(nèi)容和目標(biāo),總結(jié)出生態(tài)系統(tǒng)恢復(fù)模式的概念。(2)近年來由生態(tài)系統(tǒng)退化的誘發(fā)各種生態(tài)災(zāi)難,已使國家蒙受了重大損失,生態(tài)破壞還加劇貧困,影響社會安定。針對我國(黃土高原地區(qū))對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)恢復(fù)模式的研究,提出了以下該模式具有的特點(diǎn):①試驗(yàn)實(shí)踐注重于理論研究,即注重生態(tài)系統(tǒng)恢復(fù)重建的試驗(yàn)與試范研究;②著重人工重建研究,尤其是恢復(fù)有效的植物群落模式實(shí)驗(yàn),忽視對自然恢復(fù)過程的研究;③大量研究濫砍濫伐的森林與超載放牧的草原生態(tài)系統(tǒng)退化后的生物途徑恢復(fù);④注重恢復(fù)重建的快速性和短期性;⑤看重恢復(fù)過程當(dāng)中的植物多樣性和小氣候變化研究,忽視對動物、土壤生物(微生物)的研究;⑥對恢復(fù)重建的生態(tài)效益及評價多,特別是人工林重建效益,缺乏對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)恢復(fù)重建的生態(tài)功能和結(jié)構(gòu)的綜合評估;⑦對恢復(fù)重建的生態(tài)學(xué)過程的研究正逐漸得到重視。(3)參考并綜合生態(tài)系統(tǒng)恢復(fù)重建基礎(chǔ)分類方式,本文針對黃土高原地區(qū)的生態(tài)環(huán)境特點(diǎn),提出植被恢復(fù)與重建的原則,并以陜北地區(qū)及固原市為基礎(chǔ),根據(jù)陜黃土高原地區(qū)的投資主體功能特點(diǎn),戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃,組織結(jié)構(gòu)體系,經(jīng)營管理機(jī)制等方面,提出恢復(fù)與重建的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)和模式。本文認(rèn)為可以將生態(tài)系統(tǒng)恢復(fù)重建模式分為9種類型:①梁峁頂部耕還林(草)以及自然封育模式;②坡面恢復(fù)集成組裝模式;③農(nóng)業(yè)節(jié)水模式;④侵蝕溝恢復(fù)模式;⑤集水農(nóng)業(yè)模式;⑥“四位一體”模式;⑦庭院經(jīng)濟(jì)模式;⑧小流域綜合治理模式;⑨經(jīng)濟(jì)果林業(yè)模式。(4)本文在認(rèn)真分析各種影響生態(tài)系統(tǒng)恢復(fù)模式技術(shù)推廣因素的情況下,依據(jù)一定的技術(shù)推廣原理,選擇合適的推廣路徑,運(yùn)用良好的推廣措施,將無疑會加快生態(tài)系統(tǒng)恢復(fù)模式技術(shù)推廣的進(jìn)程。為此,本文認(rèn)為要恢復(fù)黃土高原地區(qū)的生態(tài)系統(tǒng),需從以下幾方面入手:一要加強(qiáng)科技扶貧力度,進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)化可持續(xù)發(fā)展;二要充分運(yùn)用各種措施,不斷提高農(nóng)民素質(zhì);三要準(zhǔn)確把握運(yùn)行機(jī)制創(chuàng)新,不斷完善考核評價及激勵機(jī)制;四要認(rèn)真貫徹技術(shù)推廣相關(guān)法律,發(fā)揮支撐作用;五要建立健全技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)體系,營造良好的推廣環(huán)境。
[Abstract]:Since the late 1950s, China has widely shown extensive mode of economic growth, low production and operation level and small scale. Its characteristics are "high energy consumption, high pollution and low efficiency", which seriously break the ecological balance and cause the vicious circle of agriculture, such as planting industry wide harvest, reusing light breeding, overharvesting of forestry, overharvesting forest and overharvesting forest. The irrational utilization of grassland, the irrational utilization of natural resources, the overall deterioration of the ecological environment, soil erosion, land desertification, water and air pollution have become the main factors restricting the development of rural economy in our country. The ecological system restoration model of the Loess Plateau area is a complete set of technical system, which is in the Loess Plateau region. The extensive implementation and application can promote the restoration of the ecological environment in the Loess Plateau, promote the economic and social progress of the Loess Plateau, and realize the sustainable development of the Loess Plateau. Therefore, this paper is based on the basic conditions of the current China, and closely combines the realities of the restoration of the ecological system in the Loess Plateau and through the Loess Plateau. The following main conclusions are obtained as follows: (1) ecological problems are becoming increasingly prominent, and ecological economy has gradually become a hot topic of concern in all sectors of the society. To explore the correct path of ecological economy in China, to solve the problems faced in the process of development, and to respond to the possible challenges, the ecological system should be explained. This article combs the theory and construction practice of the ecological system restoration model of economic development in the Loess Plateau region at home and abroad, summarizes the development experience of the ecological system recovery model in the economic development of the Loess Plateau region, and combines the different viewpoints at home and abroad, and has different probability of the ecological system recovery model of the economic development of the Loess Plateau region. According to the local natural, historical, social and economic conditions, the contents and objectives of the ecological restoration model of the economic development of the Loess Plateau were determined, and the concept of the ecosystem restoration model was summed up. (2) the ecological disaster induced by the degradation of the ecosystem in recent years has caused great loss and ecology of the country. The damage also aggravates poverty and affects social stability. In view of the study of the ecological system recovery model in China (loess plateau), the following characteristics are put forward: (1) experimental practice pays attention to theoretical research, that is, the experimental and Experimental Research on the restoration and reconstruction of the ecosystem; secondly, emphasis on artificial reconstruction, especially the restoration of effectiveness. Plant community model experiments, ignoring the study of natural recovery process; (3) a large number of studies on the restoration of biological pathways after deforestation and overgrazing grassland ecosystem degradation; (4) paying attention to the rapid and short-term restoration of reconstruction; 5. The study of plant diversity and microclimate change in the recovery process, and neglect of animals, Research on Soil Biology (microorganism); 6. The ecological benefits and evaluation of restoration and reconstruction, especially the benefit of artificial forest reconstruction, lack of comprehensive assessment of ecological function and structure of restoration and reconstruction of the ecosystem; (3) the research on the ecological process of restoration and reconstruction is being gradually paid attention. () reference and the restoration of the basis for the restoration and reconstruction of the ecosystem. According to the ecological environment characteristics of the Loess Plateau, this paper puts forward the principle of vegetation restoration and reconstruction, and based on the Northern Shaanxi and Guyuan City, according to the functional characteristics of the investment subject of the Shaanxi Loess Plateau, the strategic planning, the organizational structure system, the management mechanism and so on, puts forward the key technologies and models of the restoration and reconstruction. In this paper, the ecological restoration and reconstruction model can be divided into 9 types: (1) the top tillage forest (grass) on the top of the beam and the grass (grass) and the natural seal pattern; (2) the integrated assembly model of the slope restoration; (3) the agricultural water-saving model; the pattern of the restoration of the erosion gully; the model of the water harvesting agriculture; the model of the "four in one"; (4) in this paper, in the case of serious analysis of various factors affecting the technology extension of the restoration model of the ecosystem, according to a certain technical extension principle, the selection of the appropriate extension path and the use of good popularization measures will undoubtedly accelerate the process of the popularization of the biological system recovery mode. In order to restore the ecological system of the Loess Plateau area, we should start with the following aspects: first, to strengthen the efforts to help the poor in science and technology and further strengthen the sustainable development; two to make full use of various measures to improve the quality of farmers; three to accurately grasp the innovation of the operation mechanism, and to continuously improve the evaluation and incentive mechanism; and four to conscientiously carry out the technical promotion. The relevant laws should play a supporting role; five, we must establish and improve the technology extension service system and create a good promotion environment.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：X171.4

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