【摘要】：能源危機(jī)和環(huán)境污染是當(dāng)前人類面臨的兩大問題,開發(fā)無污染的新型能源成為迫在眉睫的任務(wù),氫能正是這樣一種能量密度高并且對(duì)環(huán)境友好的可再生能源。鋁水反應(yīng)能夠制取氫氣,同時(shí)產(chǎn)生大量熱量,能夠在多種場(chǎng)合下進(jìn)行利用。以鋁為燃料的制氫能源系統(tǒng)在降低能耗和保護(hù)環(huán)境方面具有突出的優(yōu)勢(shì),對(duì)于發(fā)展資源節(jié)約型和環(huán)境友好型社會(huì)具有重要意義。本文首先研究了鋁水反應(yīng)的動(dòng)力學(xué)特性以及鎂鋰對(duì)該反應(yīng)的促進(jìn)效果。實(shí)驗(yàn)主要在THERMO CAHN's Thermax500壓力熱天平上進(jìn)行,鋁的比例為85%,鎂和鋰的比例從0%變化至15%。在連續(xù)通水條件下,添加鎂和鋰能夠提升反應(yīng)效率,使反應(yīng)鋁的比例超過50%甚至達(dá)到89%。反應(yīng)過程具有三階段變化規(guī)律,而且這三個(gè)階段分別對(duì)應(yīng)Li,Mg和A1三種金屬與水蒸氣的反應(yīng)。鋁水反應(yīng)后的主要產(chǎn)物為L(zhǎng)iAlO_2,Li_2Al_4O_7,Al_2O_3,和MgO,添加鎂和鋰通過三種不同的機(jī)理促進(jìn)鋁水反應(yīng)的進(jìn)行,包括形成局部高溫條件、與氧化產(chǎn)物反應(yīng)以及摩擦碰撞作用等破壞氧化鋁薄膜,提升金屬鋁的反應(yīng)效率。碳熱還原制鋁由于其低能耗、低污染的特點(diǎn)被認(rèn)為是未來的制鋁方法。本文對(duì)A1-C兩步反應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行了熱動(dòng)力學(xué)分析。高溫條件有利于提升第一步反應(yīng)的反應(yīng)效率,卻會(huì)降低其擁效率,而第二步反應(yīng)變化規(guī)律正好相反。能量分析發(fā)現(xiàn)反應(yīng)過程中存在一個(gè)反應(yīng)效率和擁效率都很高的最佳溫度窗口。實(shí)際應(yīng)用中,余熱利用能夠提升反應(yīng)效率和擁效率,理論上可以使反應(yīng)能耗從11335 kW·h/t(Al)降到8063kW·h/t(Al)。和電解鋁進(jìn)行比較時(shí),真空氯化碳熱還原法能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)67%的(?)效率,達(dá)到電解鋁的1.7倍。從鋁水反應(yīng)和碳熱還原法出發(fā),利用鋁水反應(yīng)生成的氧化鋁作為碳熱還原制鋁的原料,達(dá)到循環(huán)利用的目的,建立了鋁能源系統(tǒng)。對(duì)碳熱還原過程進(jìn)行生命周期評(píng)價(jià),發(fā)現(xiàn)其相對(duì)于電解鋁過程能夠減少17.9%的總能源消耗,降低34.3%的溫室氣體排放,對(duì)人體毒性指數(shù)也大幅下降,表明其是一個(gè)對(duì)環(huán)境影響較小的過程,在環(huán)境保護(hù)和能源節(jié)約上極具發(fā)展?jié)摿Α?br/>[Abstract]:Energy crisis and environmental pollution are two major problems facing mankind at present. It is an urgent task to develop new energy sources without pollution. Hydrogen energy is a kind of renewable energy with high energy density and friendly to the environment. Aluminum-water reaction can produce hydrogen and produce a lot of heat, which can be used in many situations. The hydrogen production energy system based on aluminum has outstanding advantages in reducing energy consumption and protecting the environment. It is of great significance for the development of resource-saving and environment-friendly society. In this paper, the kinetic characteristics of Aluminum-water reaction and the promoting effect of Mg-Li on the reaction were studied. The experiment was carried out on the THERMO CAHN's Thermax500 pressure balance, the ratio of aluminum to lithium was 85%, and the ratio of magnesium and lithium changed from 0% to 15%. Under the condition of continuous water opening, the reaction efficiency can be improved by adding magnesium and lithium, and the ratio of reactive aluminum exceeds 50% or even reaches 89%. The reaction process has a three-stage variation law, and these three stages correspond to the reaction of Li,Mg and A1 metals with water vapor, respectively. The main products of the reaction are LiAlO_2,Li_2Al_4O_7,Al_2O_3, and MgO, and the addition of magnesium and lithium promotes the reaction of aluminum and water through three different mechanisms, including the formation of local high temperature conditions. The reaction with oxidation product and friction collision can destroy the aluminum oxide film and improve the reaction efficiency of aluminum metal. Because of its low energy consumption and low pollution, carbothermal reduction is considered as the future method of aluminum production. In this paper, the thermal kinetic analysis of A _ 1-C two-step reaction model is carried out. The reaction efficiency of the first step can be improved by high temperature condition, but the efficiency of the second step reaction will be decreased, but the change law of the second step reaction is just the opposite. Energy analysis shows that there is an optimal temperature window with high efficiency and high efficiency during the reaction. In practical application, the utilization of waste heat can improve the efficiency of reaction and the efficiency of holding, and theoretically reduce the energy consumption of the reaction from 11335 kW / t / t (Al) to 8063kW / h / t (Al). Compared with electrolytic aluminum, the vacuum chlorinated carbothermal reduction method can achieve 67% (?) The efficiency is 1.7 times higher than that of electrolytic aluminum. In this paper, the aluminum energy system was established by using aluminum oxide produced by the reaction of aluminum and water as the raw material for the production of aluminum by carbothermal reduction from the reaction of aluminum with water and by the method of carbothermal reduction, and the purpose of recycling was achieved. The life cycle evaluation of the carbothermal reduction process shows that compared with the aluminum electrolysis process, it can reduce the total energy consumption by 17.9%, the greenhouse gas emission by 34.3%, and the toxicity index to the human body by a large margin. It is shown that it is a process with small environmental impact and has great potential for development in environmental protection and energy conservation.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：浙江大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：TQ116.2

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