【摘要】：濱海鹽沼濕地是全球重要的碳庫,也是典型的脆弱生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。近年來,隨著人口的增加,濱海鹽沼濕地圍墾開發(fā)已經(jīng)成為緩解區(qū)域人口壓力,保障糧食安全,促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的一項(xiàng)重要措施,特別是在發(fā)展中國家。圍墾活動(dòng)過程中必然會(huì)改變?cè)猩鷳B(tài)系統(tǒng)碳循環(huán)的路徑和模式,進(jìn)而影響全球的碳收支平衡。通過對(duì)大量文獻(xiàn)的檢索與總結(jié),對(duì)國內(nèi)外3種濱海鹽沼濕地類型(紅樹林鹽沼濕地、河口潮灘鹽沼濕地和海岸潮灘鹽沼濕地)土壤有機(jī)碳含量、固碳速率、碳排放速率以及圍墾后的變化進(jìn)行梳理和概括,給出濱海鹽沼濕地圍墾后土壤碳循環(huán)的一般規(guī)律與變化趨勢(shì),結(jié)果表明:(1)歐美長(zhǎng)期灘涂開發(fā)形成的認(rèn)識(shí)與灘涂圍墾后的生態(tài)環(huán)境效應(yīng)演變不適用于東亞發(fā)展中國家的短期高強(qiáng)度農(nóng)業(yè)圍墾,應(yīng)注重東亞地區(qū)海岸圍墾方式下的碳效應(yīng)研究;(2)從灘涂濕地有機(jī)碳含量及其固碳速率來看,紅樹林鹽沼濕地最高,河口潮灘鹽沼濕地次之,海岸潮灘鹽沼濕地最低。土壤黏粒、團(tuán)聚體和埋藏速率對(duì)其具有較為明顯的正向效應(yīng);淹水頻率、鹽分、地下水位反之。灘涂圍墾后土壤有機(jī)碳含量呈先降后增的趨勢(shì),其轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)在圍墾后30年左右,水田耕作對(duì)灘涂土壤有機(jī)碳富集效果最明顯;(3)灘涂鹽沼濕地的主要碳排放方式是CH_4和CO_2,其中CO_2的排放強(qiáng)度和通量都較大,且以紅樹林鹽沼濕地最高。蘆葦和互花米草的土壤碳排放強(qiáng)度相比于光灘要大很多。漲潮的過程中濕地碳排放強(qiáng)度要明顯低于漲潮前后。灘涂圍墾后的土壤碳排放強(qiáng)度要明顯高于自然灘涂土壤,特別是圍墾后的旱田耕作下的CO_2排放。從監(jiān)測(cè)的結(jié)果來看,圍墾前灘涂濕地表現(xiàn)為較強(qiáng)的碳匯,而圍墾后表現(xiàn)出較為明顯的碳源。最后,提出今后研究的重點(diǎn)方向和內(nèi)容:抓緊開展濱海鹽沼濕地碳收支清單的制定;不同圍墾方式對(duì)濱海鹽沼濕地碳循環(huán)影響的定量表達(dá);加強(qiáng)開展未來濱海圍墾模式及其土壤碳循環(huán)響應(yīng)的刻畫與模擬研究。
[Abstract]:Coastal salt marsh wetland is an important carbon pool and a typical fragile ecosystem. In recent years, with the increase of population, reclamation and development of coastal salt marsh wetland has become an important measure to relieve regional population pressure, ensure food security and promote economic development, especially in developing countries. In the process of reclamation, the path and mode of carbon cycle in the original ecosystem will be changed, which will affect the balance of carbon budget in the world. The soil organic carbon content and carbon sequestration rate of three types of coastal salt marsh wetland (mangrove salt marsh wetland, estuarine tidal marsh wetland and coastal tidal flat salt marsh wetland) were studied by the retrieval and summary of a large number of literatures. The carbon emission rate and the changes after reclamation were summarized, and the general rules and trends of soil carbon cycle after reclamation in coastal salt marsh wetland were given. The results are as follows: (1) the understanding of long-term tidal flat development in Europe and the United States and the evolution of ecological environment effect after tidal flat reclamation are not suitable for short-term high-intensity agricultural reclamation in developing countries of East Asia. We should pay attention to the study of carbon effect in coastal reclamation in East Asia. (2) according to the organic carbon content and carbon sequestration rate of tidal flat wetland, mangrove salt marsh wetland is the highest, estuarine tidal flat salt marsh wetland is the second, and coastal tidal flat salt marsh wetland is the lowest. The soil clay, aggregate and burial rate have obvious positive effects on them, while the frequency of flooding, salt content and groundwater level are vice versa. Soil organic carbon content decreased first and then increased after tidal flat reclamation. The turning point was about 30 years after reclamation. The effect of paddy field tillage on soil organic carbon enrichment was the most obvious. (3) the main carbon emission modes of salt marsh wetland in tidal flat are CH_4 and CO_2,. The emission intensity and flux of CO_2 are both large, and the mangrove salt marsh wetland is the highest. The soil carbon emission intensity of Reed and Spartina alterniflora is much higher than that of Guang Tan. In the process of high tide, the carbon emission intensity of wetland is obviously lower than that before and after high tide. The carbon emission intensity of the soil after reclamation was significantly higher than that of the natural tidal flat soil, especially the CO_2 emission from the cultivated dry land. According to the monitoring results, the tidal flat wetland shows a strong carbon sink before reclamation, but obvious carbon source after reclamation. Finally, the key research directions and contents in the future are put forward: making carbon budget inventory of coastal salt marsh wetland, quantitative expression of different reclamation methods on carbon cycle of coastal salt marsh wetland; To enhance the future coastal reclamation model and soil carbon cycle response characterization and simulation.
【作者單位】： 江蘇師范大學(xué)地理測(cè)繪與城鄉(xiāng)規(guī)劃學(xué)院;南京大學(xué)地理與海洋科學(xué)學(xué)院;國土資源部海岸帶開發(fā)與保護(hù)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室;
【基金】：國家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目“江蘇沿海灘涂圍墾土地質(zhì)量變化過程和生態(tài)響應(yīng)”(編號(hào):41230751) 江蘇師范大學(xué)高校博士科研啟動(dòng)基金項(xiàng)目“沿海灘涂圍墾土地土壤碳庫時(shí)空演變及其機(jī)制——以江蘇省如東縣為例”(編號(hào):15XLR017)資助~~
【分類號(hào)】：P748;X171

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