發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-02-17 07:07

  本文關(guān)鍵詞： 渤海灣 環(huán)境化學(xué)要素 浮游植物 底棲動(dòng)物 多元分析方法　出處：《四川農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2015年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：渤海灣位于渤海西部,屬于典型的半封閉海灣,由于與外海水體交換能力較弱,進(jìn)入海灣內(nèi)的污染物質(zhì)不易輸移和擴(kuò)散,容易造成污染物的累積。2000年以來,隨著環(huán)渤海灣地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,特別是港口、沿海工業(yè)、海洋養(yǎng)殖等產(chǎn)業(yè)的高速發(fā)展,大量污水排放,導(dǎo)致近岸海域水質(zhì)不斷惡化,富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化問題嚴(yán)重,赤潮災(zāi)害頻發(fā),生態(tài)環(huán)境面臨巨大壓力。為了解渤海灣環(huán)境變化及其對(duì)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的影響,以渤海灣水生態(tài)系統(tǒng)為研究對(duì)象,基于20002012年連續(xù)13年的環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)資料,研究了渤海灣典型環(huán)境化學(xué)要素變化規(guī)律以及浮游底棲生物的多樣性,分析了渤海灣水生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的變化以及浮游底棲生物對(duì)環(huán)境化學(xué)要素變化的響應(yīng)特征。2000-2012年水環(huán)境重要化學(xué)要素的監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)果表明,水體中的無機(jī)氮、無機(jī)磷、重金屬和石油烴均呈現(xiàn)明顯的時(shí)空分布特征：季節(jié)上以豐水期較高；空間上表現(xiàn)為由近岸向外海逐漸降低；年際變化各個(gè)要素不盡相同,無機(jī)氮呈增加之勢(shì),相反無機(jī)磷和石油烴呈下降趨勢(shì),而重金屬則無明顯變化規(guī)律。對(duì)照我國(guó)國(guó)家海水水質(zhì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)發(fā)現(xiàn),2000-2012年中無機(jī)氮平均含量有10個(gè)年份超過國(guó)家Ⅲ類海水水質(zhì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),而無機(jī)磷含量?jī)H有1個(gè)年份超過國(guó)家Ⅲ類海水水質(zhì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),重金屬含量只有Pb和Zn在某些年份超過國(guó)家Ⅲ類海水水質(zhì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),石油烴含量均低于Ⅲ類海水水質(zhì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)�？梢姛o機(jī)氮是渤海灣水體中的主要污染物。2000-2011年渤海灣沉積物的重金屬和石油烴兩種環(huán)境化學(xué)要素監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)果表明,石油烴在2001-2007年呈下降趨勢(shì),而后開始上升；重金屬在2001-2005年呈現(xiàn)上升趨勢(shì),而后開始下降�？臻g上除了鎘以外,各個(gè)重金屬和石油烴的空間分布均呈現(xiàn)由近岸向外海降低的趨勢(shì)。與國(guó)家海洋沉積物質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相比,渤海灣沉積物中的石油烴和重金屬污染水平較低,大多低于國(guó)家Ⅰ類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；利用效應(yīng)濃度區(qū)間中值法(Effects Range Median, ERM)對(duì)沉積物中污染物的生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行評(píng)估,結(jié)果表明,所有年份的ERM值均大于0.10,表明存在潛在的生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也呈現(xiàn)明顯的時(shí)空變化,時(shí)間上2001-2007年生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)呈下降趨勢(shì)(2005年除外),而2007年后又有所上升;空間上呈現(xiàn)由近岸到外海逐漸升高之勢(shì)。2000-2012年渤海灣浮游植物監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)果表明,渤海灣共有浮游植物7門100種,以硅藻和甲藻為主,平均數(shù)量為118×104 cells/m3.浮游植物數(shù)量的空間分布為近岸水域高于外海。2000-2002年浮游植物數(shù)量呈現(xiàn)增加趨勢(shì),而后開始呈現(xiàn)無規(guī)律的變化。總體上,2000-2012年浮游植物數(shù)量有所下降,與歷年同期的數(shù)據(jù)比較發(fā)現(xiàn),進(jìn)入21世紀(jì)以來,渤海灣的浮游植物數(shù)量大幅增長(zhǎng)。浮游植物優(yōu)勢(shì)種更替明顯,不同的種類在不同年份成為優(yōu)勢(shì)種；浮游植物多樣性在2000-2005年呈上升趨勢(shì)；2005-2009年呈下降趨勢(shì)；2009年后又開始上升。2007年采樣結(jié)果的多元分析結(jié)果表明,渤海灣浮游植物受水環(huán)境影響顯著,春季硝酸鹽、亞硝酸鹽和無機(jī)磷對(duì)浮游植物影響明顯,而夏季氨氮和水溫則對(duì)浮游植物影響明顯。利用抓斗式采泥器采集渤海灣沉積物樣品,鑒定其中的底棲動(dòng)物。結(jié)果表明2000-2012年在渤海灣共發(fā)現(xiàn)底棲動(dòng)物9門136種,以軟體動(dòng)物、環(huán)節(jié)動(dòng)物和節(jié)肢動(dòng)物為主,平均數(shù)量為149ind/m2,數(shù)量較高的站位主要分布于近岸水域,特別是河口區(qū)域；2000-2005年底棲動(dòng)物數(shù)量呈緩慢下降趨勢(shì),2005年后又開始上升。在13年間,先后發(fā)現(xiàn)8種優(yōu)勢(shì)種,優(yōu)勢(shì)度在0.02-0.22之間。渤海灣底棲動(dòng)物生物多樣性指數(shù)為1.54-2.87,平均為2.23,相對(duì)較低。以2008年為例,采用多元分析方法分析底質(zhì)環(huán)境和水環(huán)境對(duì)底棲動(dòng)物的影響,結(jié)果表明渤海灣底棲動(dòng)物不僅受沉積物的影響,也受底層水環(huán)境的影響,其中沉積物主要受其中有機(jī)質(zhì)含量的影響,水體底層則受水深、水溫、無機(jī)氮和鹽度等影響較明顯。
[Abstract]:Bohai Bay is located in the west of Bohai, which belongs to the typical semi enclosed Bay, and off due to weak water exchange capacity, pollutants in the Gulf is not easy to transport and diffusion of pollutants, easy to cause accumulation of.2000 years, with the development of circular economy in Bohai Bay area, especially in ports, coastal industry, rapid development of marine aquaculture industry the large number of sewage, resulting in deterioration of water quality in coastal waters, serious eutrophication, red tide disasters, the ecological environment is facing tremendous pressure. In order to understand the Bohai bay environment change and its influence on ecological system, the ecological system of Bohai bay water as the research object, environmental monitoring data of 20002012 consecutive years based on 13 years study on the variation law of typical environmental chemical elements in Bohai Bay and the pelagic benthic biodiversity, analyzed the change of water ecosystem in Bohai Bay and planktobenthos on The results of the monitoring of environmental chemical factors change the response characteristics of.2000-2012 water environment important chemical components showed that inorganic nitrogen, inorganic phosphorus in water, heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbons showed obvious temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of seasonal in high water period is higher; space from near shore to sea gradually decreased; the interannual variation of each factor the same, inorganic nitrogen showed an increasing trend, instead of inorganic phosphorus and petroleum hydrocarbons decreased, while heavy metals had no significant variation. Compared with the national water quality standards in China, 2000-2012 years in average content of inorganic nitrogen for 10 years more than the third class of the national water quality standards, and the inorganic phosphorus content of only 1 the year over the third class of the national water quality standards, the heavy metal content of only Pb and Zn in some years more than the third class of the national water quality standards, the content of petroleum hydrocarbon was lower than that of III class seawater quality standard. See inorganic nitrogen is the main pollutant.2000-2011 in Bohai Bay in the Bohai Bay Sediment Heavy Metals and petroleum hydrocarbons two kinds of environmental chemical factors monitoring results show that petroleum hydrocarbon was decreased in the 2001-2007 year, and then began to rise in 2001-2005 years; heavy metals showed increasing trend, and then began to decline. The spatial distribution of each other except CD. Heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbons in space showed decreased from coast to offshore trend. Compared with the national standard of marine sediment quality, petroleum hydrocarbons in the surface sediments of Bohai Bay and the pollution level of heavy metals were low, mostly below the national class I standard; the effects range median method (Effects Range Median, ERM) to assess the ecological risk of the results showed that the pollutants in sediments, all years ERM values are greater than 0.10, indicates the existence of potential ecological risk. The ecological risk was also seen when Air change time 2001-2007 years ecological risk decreased (except 2005), and in 2007 after rising; space presents from the near shore to the outside sea gradually increased the potential of.2000-2012 in Bohai Bay phytoplankton monitoring results show that the Gulf of Bohai, a total of 7 phyla and 100 species, with diatoms and dinoflagellates, the average number of the distribution of number 118 * 104 cells/m3. higher than that of phytoplankton space for the coastal waters off the coast of.2000-2002 in the amount of phytoplankton increased, and then began to decrease. On the whole, 2000-2012 years the number of phytoplankton decreased, compared with the same period of the calendar year data, since twenty-first Century, the amount of phytoplankton in Bohai Bay phytoplankton species increased significantly. Change significantly, different species in different years become the dominant species; phytoplankton diversity showed an increasing trend in 2000-2005 years; 2005-2009 In a downward trend; multivariate analysis results began to rise again in 2009 after the.2007 sampling results showed that the phytoplankton in Bohai bay water environment has significant influence on spring nitrate, nitrite and effects of inorganic phosphorus on phytoplankton is obvious, and the summer temperature of ammonia nitrogen and phytoplankton significantly affected. Dredge sediment samples collected from Bohai bay the clamshell, identified the benthic animal. The results showed that 2000-2012 years in the Gulf of Bohai found a total of 9 phyla and 136 species of benthic animal, animal and animal links to software, arthropod animal, the average number of 149ind/m2, the number of higher stations are mainly distributed in coastal waters, especially in the estuarine region; benthic animal number is 2000-2005 years a slow downward trend began to rise after 2005. In 13 years, has found 8 species of dominant species, dominance in 0.02-0.22. Bohai Bay benthic animal biodiversity index For 1.54-2.87, the average is 2.23, relatively low. In 2008 as an example, using multivariate analysis method to analysis the sediment environment and water environment on the benthic animal. The results showed that the impact of Bohai Bay benthic animal not only by sediment, is also affected by the bottom of the water environment, the sediment is mainly affected by the content of the organic matter. The water bottom is affected by water depth, water temperature, inorganic nitrogen and salinity effect is obvious.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：四川農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：X55

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