本文關(guān)鍵詞：黃河三角洲近岸海底淺表層典型災(zāi)害地質(zhì)類型發(fā)育機(jī)制及其分區(qū)　出處：《中國(guó)海洋大學(xué)》2015年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 黃河三角洲 海底淺表層 災(zāi)害地質(zhì)類型 聚類分析 發(fā)育機(jī)制 分區(qū)

【摘要】：我國(guó)是世界上地質(zhì)災(zāi)害最為嚴(yán)重的國(guó)家之一,據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)每年因地震、崩塌、滑坡、泥石流,以及海岸侵蝕、地面沉降等地質(zhì)災(zāi)害所造成的直接經(jīng)濟(jì)損失高達(dá)近千億元。同時(shí),隨著海洋油氣資源勘探開發(fā)活動(dòng)的迅速擴(kuò)大,許多災(zāi)害地質(zhì)相關(guān)問(wèn)題逐漸顯露出來(lái)。眾所周知,黃河三角洲地區(qū)是主要海洋石油的開采區(qū),因?yàn)?zāi)害地質(zhì)事件而發(fā)生的管道的斷裂、鉆井平臺(tái)滑移的事件時(shí)有發(fā)生,海洋石油開發(fā)的安全面臨著嚴(yán)重的潛在威脅�；诖�,本論文根據(jù)黃河三角洲近岸海域大范圍高分辨率淺地層剖面和側(cè)掃聲納數(shù)據(jù)的解譯分析,進(jìn)行災(zāi)害地質(zhì)類型的圈定識(shí)別,對(duì)典型災(zāi)害地質(zhì)類型的發(fā)育機(jī)制進(jìn)行探討。利用聚類分析的方法進(jìn)行災(zāi)害地質(zhì)分區(qū)研究,并從災(zāi)害地質(zhì)類型形成發(fā)育4個(gè)主要影響因素的區(qū)域分異特征探討分區(qū)的合理性。本論文的研究一方面對(duì)于從淺地層剖面和側(cè)掃聲納圖譜上進(jìn)行災(zāi)害地質(zhì)類型的識(shí)別提供一定的方法與經(jīng)驗(yàn)借鑒,另一方面可全面系統(tǒng)掌握黃河三角洲區(qū)域?yàn)?zāi)害地質(zhì)類型與特征,研究成果可為黃河三角洲區(qū)域海洋石油開發(fā)提供安全保障。本論文依托國(guó)家908專項(xiàng)“QC07區(qū)塊海底淺層剖面和側(cè)掃聲納調(diào)查研究”,國(guó)家海洋公益性行業(yè)經(jīng)費(fèi)項(xiàng)目“黃河三角洲海底淺層標(biāo)準(zhǔn)聲學(xué)層序與典型災(zāi)害地質(zhì)”,以及國(guó)家海洋局青年科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目“基于淺地層剖面探測(cè)的黃河尾閭流路變遷研究”,基于覆蓋黃河三角洲近岸海域約3200km的側(cè)掃聲納和淺地層剖面數(shù)據(jù)資料,圍繞近岸海底表層和淺部地層發(fā)育的典型災(zāi)害地質(zhì)類型開展研究,對(duì)典型災(zāi)害地質(zhì)類型特征、空間分布進(jìn)行分析,對(duì)其形成過(guò)程和發(fā)育機(jī)制進(jìn)行探討。在上述工作的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)災(zāi)害地質(zhì)類型形成發(fā)育的影響因素及其區(qū)域分異特征進(jìn)行探討,利用聚類分析的方法探索性開展黃河三角洲近岸海域?yàn)?zāi)害地質(zhì)分區(qū)研究,從黃河入海水沙通量、海床穩(wěn)定性、海洋水動(dòng)力和底質(zhì)沉積物類型與分布4個(gè)主要影響因素探討分區(qū)結(jié)果的合理性。取得如下主要結(jié)論：(1)基于淺地層剖面和側(cè)掃聲納聲學(xué)圖譜的解譯分析,圈定辨識(shí)黃河三角洲近岸海底淺表層發(fā)育了7種典型常見的災(zāi)害地質(zhì)類型,即凹坑、侵蝕殘留體、砂斑、沙波、沖刷槽、埋藏古河道和地層擾動(dòng)�；诟采w整個(gè)黃河三角洲近岸海域的3200km淺地層剖面和側(cè)掃聲納數(shù)據(jù),根據(jù)淺地層剖面和側(cè)掃聲納數(shù)據(jù)解譯識(shí)別出淺部地層災(zāi)害地質(zhì)類型主要是埋藏古河道和地層擾動(dòng),海底表層災(zāi)害地質(zhì)類型主要是凹坑、侵蝕殘留體、砂斑、沙波和沖刷槽。凹坑、侵蝕殘留體和沖刷槽等侵蝕型災(zāi)害地質(zhì)類型主要分布在研究區(qū)廢黃河亞三角洲刁河口—清水溝海域,研究區(qū)中部近岸海域局部亦有分布；砂斑主要分布在研究中、南部近岸海域海底,砂斑分布與砂質(zhì)沉積分布范圍比較一致；沙波主要分布在現(xiàn)行河口及其以南深水海域海底。地層擾動(dòng)較集中分布在研究區(qū)東北部埕島海域,與粉砂質(zhì)沉積區(qū)具有一致的分布規(guī)律。(2)通過(guò)淺地層剖面聲學(xué)圖譜—淺部地層埋藏古河道—?dú)v史時(shí)期黃河尾間流路的研究思路,基于淺地層剖面探測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)解譯辨識(shí)得到黃河三角洲近岸海域歷史時(shí)期黃河尾間流路變遷過(guò)程,結(jié)果表明研究區(qū)埋藏古河道大致有3條,呈近NE走向分布。賦存在海底淺部地層中的埋藏古河道,是歷史時(shí)期河流尾間改道留下的“印跡”。近年來(lái)高分辨率淺地層剖面儀的廣泛應(yīng)用,使得近岸海域大范圍、高精度與高密度淺地層剖面數(shù)據(jù)的獲取更加便捷,為發(fā)現(xiàn)埋藏古河道,追蹤反演歷史時(shí)期河流尾閭擺動(dòng)變遷過(guò)程提供了可能性。以覆蓋黃河三角洲近岸海域3200km淺地層剖面數(shù)據(jù)為基礎(chǔ),圍繞高分辨率淺地層剖面聲學(xué)圖譜—海底淺部地層埋藏古河道—近代黃河尾閭流路之間的響應(yīng)關(guān)系開展研究。依據(jù)淺地層剖面聲學(xué)圖譜的斷面形態(tài)特征,以及河流相砂的充填沉積特征,圈定辨識(shí)并確認(rèn)埋藏古河道,量算其空間位置、埋藏層位及其規(guī)模范圍,結(jié)合地質(zhì)鉆孔及古環(huán)境信息判斷其形成年代。在此基礎(chǔ)上,建立不同埋藏層位的古河道與不同年代黃河尾間流路之間的“對(duì)應(yīng)”關(guān)系,進(jìn)而構(gòu)建近代黃河尾間流路改道變遷過(guò)程模式。結(jié)果表明：基于淺地層剖面探測(cè)的黃河尾間流路研究結(jié)果與現(xiàn)有的黃河尾閭流路變遷過(guò)程趨勢(shì)相一致,基本反映了近代黃河尾間流路的變遷過(guò)程。利用淺地層剖面解譯的方法,共解譯識(shí)別得到埋藏古河道位置有效點(diǎn)20個(gè),據(jù)此構(gòu)建了三條近代黃河行水流路,三條尾閭行水流路為不同年代黃河現(xiàn)時(shí)行水河道。三條解譯所得黃河尾間流路基本上為近NE走向,基本確認(rèn)其為當(dāng)時(shí)黃河尾間的三次行水路線。(3)基于聚類分析方法將黃河三角洲近岸海域劃分為5個(gè)災(zāi)害地質(zhì)區(qū)域,即釣口葉瓣浪控嚴(yán)重侵蝕災(zāi)害區(qū)、神仙溝葉瓣浪流共同作用多災(zāi)種災(zāi)害地質(zhì)區(qū)、現(xiàn)行河口河控堆積型災(zāi)害地質(zhì)區(qū)、深水區(qū)單災(zāi)種災(zāi)害地質(zhì)區(qū)和埕島油田潛在災(zāi)害地質(zhì)區(qū)。圍繞解譯辨識(shí)出的廣泛發(fā)育的海底淺部地層災(zāi)害地質(zhì)類型(埋藏古河道、地層擾動(dòng)),以及海底表層災(zāi)害地質(zhì)類型(凹坑、侵蝕殘留體、砂斑、沙波和沖刷槽)7種典型災(zāi)害地質(zhì)類型,劃分網(wǎng)格單位,根據(jù)災(zāi)害地質(zhì)類型類型數(shù)量,以及凹坑深度、侵蝕殘留體高度、)中刷槽長(zhǎng)度、砂斑面積、沙波波長(zhǎng)、埋藏古河道河道寬度和地層擾動(dòng)深度等表征參數(shù)作為分區(qū)指標(biāo),利用聚類分析將黃河三角洲近岸海域劃分為5個(gè)災(zāi)害地質(zhì)區(qū)域。(4)總結(jié)認(rèn)為黃河三角洲近岸海底淺表層典型災(zāi)害地質(zhì)類型形成發(fā)育的主要影響因素有4個(gè),包括：黃河入海水沙通量變化及其擴(kuò)散運(yùn)移、波流海洋水動(dòng)力變化、海岸海床穩(wěn)定性,以及海底表層底質(zhì)沉積物類型及分布。黃河一年中的大部分時(shí)間內(nèi)入海平均徑流、泥沙通量很小,入海泥沙擴(kuò)散范圍非常小,而調(diào)水調(diào)沙期間入海泥沙占年入海泥沙總量的30%以上,短期內(nèi)匯聚巨量泥沙,形成集中輸沙,聚沙外輸?shù)膬?yōu)勢(shì),短時(shí)間內(nèi)完成入海泥沙在河口的集中匯聚,調(diào)水調(diào)沙試驗(yàn)期間入海水沙通量形成短期巨量高含沙的變化特征,入海泥沙擴(kuò)散范圍擴(kuò)大,數(shù)值模擬結(jié)果表明其最大擴(kuò)散影響范圍約20km×40km。黃河入海泥沙變化及擴(kuò)散影響范圍主要影響災(zāi)害地質(zhì)類型發(fā)育物源供給,決定著災(zāi)害地質(zhì)類型空間分異；海洋水動(dòng)力是災(zāi)害地質(zhì)形成的動(dòng)力因素,決定著災(zāi)害地質(zhì)類型的分布范圍和規(guī)模；海岸海床穩(wěn)定性是災(zāi)害地質(zhì)活動(dòng)性的影響因素,決定著災(zāi)害地質(zhì)類型的活動(dòng)性；底質(zhì)沉積物類型決定著局部區(qū)域?yàn)?zāi)害地質(zhì)類型的空間分異。(5)從災(zāi)害地質(zhì)類型形成發(fā)育的主要影響因素的區(qū)域分異規(guī)律方面分析表明,基于聚類分析方法所建立的黃河三角洲近岸海域海底淺表層災(zāi)害地質(zhì)分區(qū)結(jié)果具有一定合理性,基本反映了災(zāi)害地質(zhì)類型空間分布和成因機(jī)理的區(qū)域差異性。基于淺地層剖面和側(cè)掃聲納勘探數(shù)據(jù),利用聚類分析方法開展的分區(qū)研究,在黃河三角洲近岸海域?yàn)?zāi)害地質(zhì)分區(qū)研究上是一新的嘗試。從海岸海床穩(wěn)定性、黃河入海水沙通量及其擴(kuò)散變化、底質(zhì)沉積物特征與分布,以及海洋水動(dòng)力4個(gè)方面對(duì)分區(qū)的合理性進(jìn)行探討,表明分區(qū)結(jié)果合理可靠,基本反映了災(zāi)害地質(zhì)分區(qū)的區(qū)域差異。
[Abstract]:China is one of the most serious geological disasters in the world. According to statistics, the direct economic losses caused by geological disasters such as earthquakes, landslides, landslides, debris flows, coastal erosion and land subsidence every year are nearly 100 billion yuan. At the same time, with the rapid expansion of exploration and development activities of marine oil and gas resources, many related problems of disaster geology have gradually emerged. As we all know, the the Yellow River Delta area is the main offshore oil exploitation area. Pipeline rupture and drilling platform slippage happen frequently due to calamity geological events. The safety of offshore oil development is facing a serious potential threat. Based on this, based on the interpretation and analysis of the high-resolution high-resolution shallow strata profile and the side scan sonar data in the coastal waters of the Yellow River Delta, we have delineated the recognition of the disaster geological types, and discussed the development mechanism of typical disaster geological types. The method of cluster analysis is applied to the study of disaster geological zoning, and the rationality of zoning is discussed from the regional differentiation characteristics of 4 main factors affecting the formation and development of disaster geology. This paper provides some experience and a method for identifying reference types of geological disasters from the shallow profile and side scan sonar map, on the other hand can grasp the comprehensive system with the characteristics of regional geological disaster types in the Yellow River Delta, the research results can provide security for the the Yellow River delta offshore oil development. This paper is based on the national 908 project "QC07 block submarine shallow section and side scan sonar survey, the National Marine public welfare industry fund project" the Yellow River delta shallow water acoustic standard and typical geological disaster sequence ", and the State Oceanic Administration of Youth Science Fund Project" research "change road the Yellow River River flow detection of shallow profile based on the coastal waters of the Yellow River Delta, covering about 3200km based on side scan sonar and shallow profile data, around the study of typical geological disaster type coastal seabed surface and shallow strata, geological disaster types of typical characteristics and spatial distribution are analyzed, the formation and development mechanism. Based on the above work, the types of geological disasters in the formation and development of the influencing factors and the regional differentiation characteristics are discussed, using the method of cluster analysis on the coastal geological disaster zoning in the Yellow River delta development, discuss the rationality of partitioning results from the Yellow River to the sea water and sediment flux, seabed stability, ocean hydrodynamic and sediment the types and distribution of 4 main influencing factors. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) analysis of shallow profile and side scan sonar based on acoustic spectrum interpretation, the delineation of identification in the Yellow River Delta coastal seabed development of 7 typical common geological disaster types, namely erosion pits, residual body, sand spot, Sha Bo, scour channel, buried channel, ground disturbance. Cover the entire the Yellow River Delta coastal shallow profile and 3200km based on side scan sonar data, according to the shallow profile and side scan sonar data interpretation to identify shallow strata, geological hazards are the main types of buried ancient river and ground disturbance, the surface geological disaster type of main body, if erosion pits, residual sand spots, sand and scour trough. The erosion pits, residue and scour erosion type geological disaster types are mainly distributed in the research area of waste the Yellow River Subdelta Diao estuary Qingshui gully area, central area near the study area have local distribution; sand spots are mainly distributed in the study, the South Sea coastal waters, sand spot distribution and the distribution range of sandy sediments consistent; sand mainly distributed in estuarine and deep waters to the South sea. The formation disturbance is concentrated in the Chengdao sea area in the northeastern part of the study area, which is consistent with the silty sedimentary area. (2) through the shallow profile acoustic Atlas of shallow ground buried channel - the Yellow River historical period between the tail flow path research method, shallow profile detection data interpretation identified in the Yellow River Delta coastal waters of the Yellow River in historical period between the tail flow path change process based on the research area of buried channel roughly 3 that is close to NE direction. The buried ancient river in shallow strata of the seabed is a "blot" left by the river tails in the historical period. The application of high resolution Subbottom Profiler in recent years, the coastal waters of large range, high precision and high density of shallow profile data more convenient access, to find buried channel, provides the possibility of tracking the tail swing change process of inversion period. To cover the the Yellow River Delta coastal waters 3200km subbottom profile data based on response relationship between the high resolution shallow profile acoustic Atlas of shallow seabed strata buried channel in the the Yellow River river flow path research. According to section morphological characteristics of shallow profile of acoustic patterns, sedimentary characteristics and fluvial sand, identify and confirm the delineation of buried channel, measure the position, scale and buried layer, combined with the geological drilling and paleo environmental information to determine the age of its formation. On this basis, we establish the corresponding relationship between different buried levels of ancient rivers and the Yellow River intercontinental flow paths in different years, and then construct the process pattern of modern the Yellow River's intercity flow path transformation. The results show that: Based on consistent detection of shallow stratigraphic section of the the Yellow River rear flow path research results and the existing the Yellow River river flow path change trend, basically reflects the modern the Yellow River rear flow path change process. Using the method of shallow profile interpretation, the interpretation identified buried channel position effective point 20, which built three modern the Yellow River water road, three river for water flow path for different water channel in the Yellow River at present. The three interpretation of the the Yellow River tail
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)海洋大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：P744.4;P694

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