【摘要】：法國是一個傳統(tǒng)能源(石油、煤炭、天然氣)極為稀缺的國家,為了降低其能源的對外依存度,法國自上世紀70年代起,便開始大力發(fā)展核電技術(shù),提高核電發(fā)電能力,目前以75%左右的核電發(fā)電量成為世界第一核電大國。尤其在1997年《京都議定書》生效后,法國需在協(xié)議生效期間維持其碳排放水平穩(wěn)定,鑒于其發(fā)電量主要來自非化石能源,因此法國自《京都議定書》后便在除電力行業(yè)外的其他領(lǐng)域,如綠色建筑和交通系統(tǒng)中,進行低碳發(fā)展,因而法國整個社會的低碳發(fā)展進程自上世紀末期就蓬勃展開。然而自日本福島核危機之后,法國、德國、英國等歐洲國家開始重新制定其新能源政策。同時,法國民眾對核電站與水電站的生態(tài)環(huán)境影響日益關(guān)切,這也使得法國政府和政策制定者計劃對法國的能源結(jié)構(gòu)進行大幅調(diào)整。法國于2015年9月正式通過了《綠色發(fā)展能源過渡法》(Projet de loi relative a la transition energetique pour la croissance verte),其中規(guī)定,核電發(fā)電量需在未來10年之內(nèi)銳減20%,同時大力發(fā)展太陽能、風(fēng)能等可再生能源。在歐盟層面,歐盟委員會于2007年提出了《可再生能源路線圖》(Renewable Energy Road Map),為各成員國新能源發(fā)展和能源行業(yè)低碳減排制定了綱領(lǐng),規(guī)定各成員國應(yīng)根據(jù)實際情況采取適當(dāng)措施并制定切實的發(fā)展目標。本文作者對1990年至2015年法國國內(nèi)的新能源政策,尤其是能源轉(zhuǎn)型政策進行了梳理,同時對這期間法國新能源政策的國內(nèi)影響及其在歐盟層面的影響進行闡述。在法國國家層面,本文主要就新能源政策對法國電力結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)型的影響作出分析。由于法國是歐盟的核心成員國之一,因此在歐盟層面,文章也對歐盟層面的相關(guān)政策進行了概述,通過與法國國家政策的制定路線相比較,可以從中發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者的關(guān)聯(lián)性及相互影響。綜上所述,本文將試圖發(fā)現(xiàn)法國1990年至今的新能源政策的制定對國內(nèi)以及歐盟層面的影響與作用,發(fā)現(xiàn)其中的成功經(jīng)驗和存在的問題。為分析法國的新能源政策及具體目標,本文主要對法國的政策制定過程、1990年以來法國通過的主要相關(guān)政策方案、具體政策目標進行了梳理。在分析相關(guān)政策對法國國內(nèi)的影響時,文章主要以法國國內(nèi)的電力行業(yè)所受到的影響為主,同時淺析了其他社會影響。在歐盟層面,法國國內(nèi)的能源政策的制定也對歐盟產(chǎn)生一定的影響,本文主要通過對比兩者的政策路線圖對此進行體現(xiàn)。未來法國新能源政策將如何發(fā)展,還將受到多重因素的影響,經(jīng)濟因素是制約其大力發(fā)展可再生能源的關(guān)鍵因素。除此之外,法國國內(nèi)社會問題,例如失業(yè)、難民危機等都或?qū)⒂绊懙椒▏芊裨?030年或2050年實現(xiàn)其能源轉(zhuǎn)型目標。本文僅就法國新能源政策對法國國內(nèi)的能源行業(yè)以及歐盟政策制定的影響作了分析,未來更深入和細致的研究可以從更廣泛和更深入的層面展開,或可以分析兩種因素或多種因素之間的互動和相互作用,這些可為政策制定者提供一定的參考價值。
[Abstract]:France is a very scarce country for traditional energy sources (oil, coal, and natural gas). In order to reduce the external power of its energy, France has started to develop nuclear power technology to improve the power generation capacity of nuclear power since the 1970s. At present, about 75% of the nuclear power generation is the first nuclear power of the world. In particular, following the entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol in 1997, France needs to maintain its carbon emission level stable during the entry into force of the Agreement and, in view of the fact that its electricity generation is mainly from non-fossil energy sources, France has been in other areas, other than the power industry, since the Kyoto Protocol, As a result of the low-carbon development in the green building and transportation system, the low-carbon development process of the whole society in France was booming since the end of the last century. However, after the Fukushima nuclear crisis in Japan, European countries, such as France, Germany and the United Kingdom, have begun to reformulate their new energy policies. At the same time, the French population is increasingly concerned about the ecological environment of the nuclear power plant and the hydropower station, which has also led to a significant adjustment of the French energy structure by the French Government and the policymakers. In September 2015, France formally adopted the Green Development Energy Transition Act, which stipulates that the power generation of nuclear power should be reduced by 20% in the next 10 years, and the renewable energy such as solar energy and wind energy will be vigorously developed. At the EU level, the European Commission introduced the Renewable Energy Road Map in 2007 to develop an agenda for the low-carbon emission reduction in the new energy development and energy sectors of member States, and states that Member States should take appropriate measures and develop effective development goals in line with the actual circumstances. In this paper, the author sorts out the new energy policy in France from 1990 to 2015, especially the energy transformation policy, and expounds the domestic influence of the French new energy policy and its influence on the EU level during the period. At the national level of France, this paper mainly analyzes the influence of the new energy policy on the transformation of the French power structure. Since France is one of the core member states of the European Union, at the EU level, the article also provides an overview of the relevant policies at the EU level, through which the relevance and mutual influence can be found through comparison with the development route of the French national policy. To sum up, this paper will try to find out the influence and function of the new energy policy of France to the present and the EU, and find the successful experience and the existing problems. In order to analyze the new energy policy and the specific goal of France, this paper mainly focuses on the process of the policy development of France, and the major policies and objectives adopted in France since 1990 have been sorted out. In the analysis of the influence of the relevant policy on France, the paper mainly focuses on the influence of the power industry in France, and analyzes the influence of other society. At the EU level, the development of energy policy in France also has a certain impact on the European Union, which is mainly reflected in the policy road map of the two. In the future, how to develop the new energy policy in France will also be affected by multiple factors, and the economic factors are the key factors that restrict the development of renewable energy. In addition, the internal social problems of France, such as unemployment, the refugee crisis, or the like, will affect the ability of France to achieve its energy transformation goals by 2030 or 2050. This paper makes an analysis of the impact of the French new energy policy on the energy industry in France and the European Union's policy. In the future, more and more detailed research can be carried out at a wider and deeper level, or the interaction and interaction between the two factors or factors can be analyzed. These can provide a certain reference value for policymakers.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京外國語大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：F416.2
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本文編號：2432171