【摘要】：在鐵塔的一般生產(chǎn)過程中,為了保證現(xiàn)場(chǎng)順利立塔,出廠前必須對(duì)鐵塔進(jìn)行“試組裝”,除了通過試組裝檢驗(yàn)構(gòu)件加工正確與否之外,更重要的是驗(yàn)證在實(shí)際裝配過程中構(gòu)件之間是否會(huì)出現(xiàn)干涉和孔位錯(cuò)誤等現(xiàn)象,即不能正確組裝的情況。傳統(tǒng)的立式組裝和臥式組裝都有其局限性,費(fèi)用高、周期長(zhǎng),很難適應(yīng)如今大規(guī)模的檢測(cè)任務(wù)。本文針對(duì)鐵塔生產(chǎn)中的復(fù)雜構(gòu)件開展產(chǎn)品幾何質(zhì)量檢測(cè)理論和三維激光掃描技術(shù)應(yīng)用于其檢測(cè)的方法研究,從而取代鐵塔生產(chǎn)中的“試組裝”。本文主要進(jìn)行了以下幾方面工作： 1.針對(duì)具體構(gòu)件,利用Pro/E軟件對(duì)其圖紙建立三維數(shù)字化模型作為檢測(cè)的基準(zhǔn),并且制定檢測(cè)流程。 2.研究三維坐標(biāo)獲取方法。結(jié)合本課題的需要,綜合考慮儀器性能參數(shù)和數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量,選擇激光三角測(cè)量原理的掃描儀,通過分析采集數(shù)據(jù)的精度,說明了將測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)用于建模和檢測(cè)的可行性。 3.目前,三維檢測(cè)方法只能檢測(cè)輪廓,不能進(jìn)行螺栓孔定位,本文提出了螺栓孔的空間位置檢測(cè)方法。主要步驟包括提取螺栓孔的點(diǎn)云,點(diǎn)云數(shù)據(jù)預(yù)處理,非線性的最小二乘方法擬合螺栓孔中心,最后將測(cè)量坐標(biāo)系中的螺栓孔中心坐標(biāo)通過坐標(biāo)系轉(zhuǎn)換到模型坐標(biāo)系中,計(jì)算對(duì)應(yīng)位置的螺栓孔中心誤差。坐標(biāo)系轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí),結(jié)合公共點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)換方法和ICP算法,先粗對(duì)齊然后精確對(duì)齊的方法求解坐標(biāo)系轉(zhuǎn)換矩陣,減小坐標(biāo)系轉(zhuǎn)換的誤差,提高檢測(cè)精度。通過實(shí)驗(yàn)可知需要檢測(cè)的16個(gè)螺栓孔的空間位置誤差在1mm左右最大誤差不超過2mm,且波動(dòng)不大,達(dá)到了較高的檢測(cè)精度。 4.運(yùn)用三維檢測(cè)方法檢測(cè)構(gòu)件外形輪廓,并且給出了檢測(cè)報(bào)告,直觀的顯示出外形輪廓的誤差,但是檢測(cè)結(jié)果給出的誤差范圍較大,對(duì)于物體表面的孔洞檢測(cè)效果不理想,主要表現(xiàn)為孔洞周圍數(shù)據(jù)的三維檢測(cè)誤差變化較大無法反映出孔洞的位置誤差,因此,進(jìn)一步運(yùn)用本文提出的螺栓孔空間位置檢測(cè)方法檢測(cè)其空間位置誤差。
[Abstract]:In the general production process of the tower, in order to ensure the smooth erection of the tower on the spot, it is necessary to "test assemble" the tower before leaving the factory. In addition to testing the correctness of the processing of the components through the trial assembly, More importantly, it is important to verify whether interference and hole position errors will occur between the components in the actual assembly process, that is, if the assembly cannot be properly assembled. Traditional vertical assembly and horizontal assembly have their limitations, high cost, long cycle, it is difficult to adapt to today's large-scale detection tasks. In this paper, the theory of product geometry quality inspection and the method of 3D laser scanning applied to the complex components in the production of iron tower are studied in order to replace the "trial assembly" in the production of iron tower. The main contents of this paper are as follows: 1. Aiming at the concrete component, the Pro/E software is used to establish the three-dimensional digital model of the drawing as the benchmark of the detection, and the detection process is established. 2. The method of obtaining 3D coordinates is studied. According to the need of this subject, considering the performance parameters and data quality of the instrument, the scanner with laser triangulation principle is selected. By analyzing the accuracy of the collected data, the feasibility of applying the measurement data to modeling and detection is explained. 3. At present, the three-dimensional detection method can only detect the contour, but can not locate the bolt hole. In this paper, the space position detection method of bolt hole is put forward. The main steps include extracting the point cloud of bolt hole, preprocessing the data of point cloud, fitting the center of bolt hole with nonlinear least square method, and finally converting the center coordinate of bolt hole in the measuring coordinate system into the model coordinate system through the coordinate system. The central error of bolt hole in the corresponding position is calculated. In order to reduce the error of coordinate transformation and improve the detection accuracy, the common point transformation method and ICP algorithm are combined to solve the coordinate transformation matrix by coarse alignment and then accurate alignment. The experimental results show that the spatial position error of the 16 bolt holes need to be detected is less than 2 mm in 1mm, and the fluctuation is not big, so the precision of detection is higher than that of the other 16 bolt holes. 4. The three-dimensional detection method is used to detect the contour of the component, and the detection report is given, which shows the error of the contour intuitively. However, the error range given by the detection result is large, and the detection effect for the holes on the surface of the object is not ideal. The main performance is that the three-dimensional measurement error of the data around the hole can not reflect the position error of the hole. Therefore, the space position error of the bolt hole is detected by the space position detection method of the bolt hole proposed in this paper.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京信息工程大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：P225.2

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本文編號(hào)：2469451