發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-06-27 02:52

  本文選題：遼河流域 + 土地適宜性�。� 參考：《東北大學(xué)》2013年博士論文

【摘要】：土地適宜性評(píng)價(jià)是根據(jù)人類要求、意愿或一些未來(lái)活動(dòng)的預(yù)測(cè)而確定土地利用最適合的空間模式,它是土地利用總體規(guī)劃的基礎(chǔ)。遼河流域位于遼寧省中部,是遼寧省主要商品糧基地和糧食作物穩(wěn)產(chǎn)高產(chǎn)區(qū)。由于快速發(fā)展工農(nóng)業(yè),多年來(lái)接納流域內(nèi)的工業(yè)、農(nóng)業(yè)和生活的廢水、固體廢棄物以及風(fēng)化產(chǎn)物,使其土壤元素地球化學(xué)性質(zhì)發(fā)生了較大的變化,并進(jìn)一步降低了土地質(zhì)量,這成為限制區(qū)域發(fā)展的一個(gè)重要因素。 本文以地球化學(xué)原理為基礎(chǔ),基于GIS平臺(tái),通過(guò)因子分析、地統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)和模糊數(shù)學(xué)等方法和手段,對(duì)遼河流域深、表層土壤元素地球化學(xué)分布規(guī)律、遼河流域土地條件及遼河流域地球化學(xué)特征的影響因素進(jìn)行研究,取得了如下成果： 1)通過(guò)對(duì)遼河流域土壤中54種元素進(jìn)行因子分析：共獲得深、表層土壤各8個(gè)主因子,其中因子1的元素較多,為自然風(fēng)化的結(jié)果,各主要元素含量整體分布具有明顯的“U型分布"的特征；因子2和因子3的較大載荷元素的重金屬元素分布特征明顯受人為因素的干擾,較大載荷的N元素等與有機(jī)質(zhì)的含量分布有密切的關(guān)系；其它因子的一些元素等在濱海鹽土或受海水鹽化作用的土壤中含量較高和在潮土、風(fēng)沙土區(qū)含量高,土壤沙化造成鉀元素含量增高。 2)通過(guò)地統(tǒng)計(jì)分析得出,遼河流域表層土壤中的元素在空間分布上存在不同程度的差異：營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素Ca、Mg、P和必需元素Fe、 Mn、Zn、Cu、B、Si及重金屬元素Cr和Ni具有強(qiáng)烈的空間自相關(guān)性,主要受結(jié)構(gòu)性因素的影響,其它的營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素、必需元素和重金屬元素其空間變異性是隨機(jī)性因素和結(jié)構(gòu)性因素共同影響的結(jié)果；其中重金屬元素As、Cd、Pb和Hg的空間變異性比較相似,主要受隨機(jī)性因素的影響。 3)以遼河流域表層土壤54項(xiàng)元素及測(cè)試指標(biāo)為依據(jù),以自組織特征影射(SOM)神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)為基礎(chǔ),結(jié)合C—均值分類結(jié)果,把河流域表層土壤分成五大區(qū)：A區(qū)土壤的有機(jī)質(zhì)含量高,N和P含量充足,各種微量元素含量均衡且有較高的含量水平,土壤肥沃。B區(qū)—低丘元素含量均衡地球化學(xué)區(qū)：除Cd、Cl、I以外,B區(qū)土壤元素的含量與其它自然成因土壤類型相比都處于中等水平。C區(qū)土壤最突出特征是硅、鉀含量高,多數(shù)大量元素和微量元素含量低,農(nóng)作物所需的營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素含量低,是極度貧瘠的土地。D區(qū)是濱海高鹵族元素地球化學(xué)區(qū)。E區(qū)土壤是受人為因素影響或干擾形成的具有較高污染重金屬元素含量的土壤。 4)遼河流域土地整體環(huán)境質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)得出：遼河流域土地整體環(huán)境質(zhì)量狀況良好：潔凈無(wú)污染的一級(jí)土壤面積較大,占87.88%,是可以作為農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)使用的安全土壤區(qū)；遼河流域土壤污染區(qū)集中在沈陽(yáng)和錦州兩個(gè)區(qū)域,以Cd元素為主要污染因素,其次為Hg、Pb和Zn。 5)遼河流域土壤營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)判得出：遼河流域土壤營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況令人擔(dān)憂：“很富足"土壤和“富足”土壤面積累計(jì)僅占2.30%；適中土壤占11.62%；相對(duì)缺乏面積占45.57%；缺乏面積占31.94%；“很缺乏"面積占到8.55%。僅有不足15%左右的土壤能滿足耕種的基本需要。 6)通過(guò)對(duì)遼河流域主干河底積物和淺海沉積物的元素地球化學(xué)特征和因子分析得出：主干河底積物重金屬元素Cr、Cu、Hg等和營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素N、P的整體含量較高,主要集中在渾河沈陽(yáng)及太子河鞍山周邊水系中；淺海沉積物的Cd、Hg、Pb和Zn沉積物主要表現(xiàn)為西高東低、濱海高深海低的特點(diǎn),高含量區(qū)集中在錦州灣—葫蘆島連山灣一帶。同樣,Pb、Cu、Mo、As、Sb、S、Ag平均含量均高于中國(guó)淺海沉積物平均組成,并都表現(xiàn)出表層富集的特征。另外,對(duì)典型礦山和城市工業(yè)區(qū)的元素地球化學(xué)特征分析得出,礦山開采和城市工業(yè)化也改變了當(dāng)?shù)赝寥赖脑亟M成,造成了重金屬元素的富集及污染,影響了流域生態(tài)環(huán)境。 7)基于GIS平臺(tái),利用因子分析和CIA方法研究遼河流域深、表層地球化學(xué)特征和深、表層土壤風(fēng)化程度得出：遼河流域土壤的風(fēng)化程度很低,在空間上存在一定差異,但是表層和深層土壤風(fēng)化的程度差異并不大；受風(fēng)化程度和人為因素的影響,遼河流域土壤表層的營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素含量相對(duì)增加,重金屬元素分布特征受人為因素干擾大,在城市區(qū)和工礦區(qū)的表層土壤中含量相對(duì)較高。
[Abstract]:Land suitability evaluation is the most suitable space model for land use according to human requirements, wishes or some future activities. It is the basis of the overall planning of land use. The Liaohe River Basin is located in the middle of Liaoning province. It is the main commodity grain base in Liaoning and the stable and high yield region of grain crops. To accept the industrial, agricultural and living waste water, solid waste and weathering products in the basin, the geochemical properties of the soil elements have been greatly changed, and the quality of the land is further reduced. This has become an important factor in limiting the development of the region.
Based on the principle of geochemistry, based on the GIS platform, by means of factor analysis, geostatistics and fuzzy mathematics, the geochemical distribution of the surface soil elements in the Liaohe River Basin, the land conditions of the Liaohe River Basin and the geochemical characteristics of the Liaohe River Basin are studied. The following achievements have been obtained.
1) through the analysis of the factor of 54 elements in the soil of the Liaohe River Basin: a total of 8 main factors in the surface soil, of which there are more elements of factor 1, which is the result of natural weathering, the overall distribution of the main elements has the characteristics of "U type distribution", and the distribution of heavy metal elements in factor 2 and factor 3 is special. The N elements of large loads are closely related to the content distribution of organic matter, and some elements of other factors are high in the coastal saline soil or in the salty soil, and in the tidal soil, the content of the sandy soil area is high, and the soil desertification causes the increase of the potassium content.
2) according to the statistical analysis, the spatial distribution of elements in the surface soil of the Liaohe River Basin has different degrees of difference: nutrient elements Ca, Mg, P and essential elements Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Si and heavy metal elements Cr and Ni have strong spatial autocorrelation, mainly influenced by structural factors, other nutrients, essential elements and heavy elements. The spatial variability of metal elements is the result of the combination of random factors and structural factors, and the spatial variability of heavy metal elements As, Cd, Pb and Hg is similar, mainly influenced by random factors.
3) on the basis of 54 elements and test indexes of surface soil in the Liaohe River Basin, the surface soil of the river basin is divided into five areas based on the self organizing feature projection (SOM) neural network and combined with the C mean classification results. The soil organic matter content of the A area is high, the content of N and P is sufficient, the content of various trace elements is balanced and the soil has a high level of content. The soil fertility.B area and low hilly element content equalizing geochemical area: except Cd, Cl, I, the content of soil elements in B area is in the middle level.C area compared with other natural origin soil types, the most prominent characteristics are silicon, high content of potassium, the low content of large amounts of elements and trace elements, and low content of nutrient elements needed for crops, which is extreme. The.D area of the barren land is the soil in the.E area of the high halogen element geochemistry area of the coastal area, which is influenced by human factors or interfered with the heavy heavy metal element content of the soil.
4) the overall environmental quality of the Liaohe River Basin has been evaluated as follows: the overall environmental quality of the Liaohe River Basin is in good condition: the clean and pollution-free first grade soil area is larger, accounting for 87.88%, and it is a safe soil area used for agricultural production; the soil pollution area of the Liaohe River Basin is concentrated in two regions in Shenyang and Jinzhou, with Cd elements as the main pollution. Dyeing factors, followed by Hg, Pb and Zn.
5) the comprehensive evaluation of the soil nutrition status of the Liaohe River Basin shows that the soil nutrition status of the Liaohe River Basin is worrying: "very rich" soil and "rich" soil area is only 2.30%; moderate soil accounts for 11.62%; the relative lack area accounts for 45.57%; the lack of area accounts for 31.94%; the "very lack" area accounts for only less than 15% left 8.55%.. The right soil meets the basic needs of farming.
6) through the elemental geochemical characteristics and factors analysis of the main river sediments and shallow sediments in the Liaohe River Basin, it is concluded that the main heavy metal elements Cr, Cu, Hg, and nutrient elements N and P are higher in the main river sediments, mainly concentrated in the water system around Shenyang and Anshan of the Taizi River, and Cd, Hg, Pb and Zn sediments in the shallow sea sediments. The main features are West High East low, high sea and low sea level, high content area concentrated in Jinzhou Bay Huludao Lianshan Bay area. The average content of Pb, Cu, Mo, As, Sb, S, Ag is higher than the average composition of the sediments in the shallow water of China, and shows the characteristics of the surface enrichment. Besides, the geochemical characteristics of the typical mines and the urban industrial areas are characterized. The analysis shows that mining and urban industrialization have also changed the element composition of the local soil, resulting in the enrichment and pollution of heavy metal elements, affecting the ecological environment of the basin.
7) based on the GIS platform, we use factor analysis and CIA method to study the depth of the Liaohe River Basin, the surface geochemical characteristics and depth, and the weathering degree of the surface soil: the weathering degree of the soil in the Liaohe River Basin is very low, and there is a certain difference in the space, but the degree of weathering in the surface and deep soil is not very different; the degree of weathering and the human factors are influenced by the degree of weathering and the human factors. The content of nutrient elements in the soil surface of the Liaohe River Basin is increased relatively, the distribution characteristics of heavy metals are greatly disturbed by human factors, and the content of the surface soil in the urban area and the industrial and mining areas is relatively high.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：X144;P208

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