本文選題：陜南漢江水源地　切入點(diǎn)：土地利用動態(tài)　出處：《陜西師范大學(xué)》2014年博士論文

【摘要】：中國是一個嚴(yán)重缺水的國家,人均水資源占有量僅有世界平均水平的四分之一,空間分布的巨大差異又使北方地區(qū)缺水更為嚴(yán)重,南水北調(diào)中線工程承擔(dān)著北方地區(qū)水資源調(diào)配的重任。陜南漢江流域上游是南水北調(diào)中線工程的重要水源區(qū),其土地利用及其變化關(guān)系著水源地自身的生態(tài)環(huán)境及安全,更對我國北方地區(qū)的用水安全及社會經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)影響。 土地利用及其覆被變化時全球變化研究的重點(diǎn)問題之一,土地利用變化的生態(tài)效應(yīng)測評是目前研究的熱點(diǎn)問題。本文以南水北調(diào)中線工程重點(diǎn)水源區(qū)——漢江上游陜南段為研究對象,基于GIS和RS支持,收集與處理遙感、氣象、植被、土壤、統(tǒng)計等多源數(shù)據(jù),建立Geodatabase數(shù)據(jù)庫對空間數(shù)據(jù)和屬性數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行一體化管理,從對土地利用變化的現(xiàn)狀分析入手,基于土地利用動態(tài)度、土地利用轉(zhuǎn)移矩陣、景觀格局指數(shù)等定量評估該區(qū)域的土地利用變化狀況,繼而估算土地利用變化所引起的植被凈第一性生產(chǎn)力效應(yīng)、保土效應(yīng)和水源涵養(yǎng)效應(yīng),最后對保持的物質(zhì)量進(jìn)行價值量轉(zhuǎn)換,得到生態(tài)效應(yīng)價值量。本研究對優(yōu)化漢江水源區(qū)土地利用格局,提升水源涵養(yǎng)能力,對水源地為涵養(yǎng)水源而實(shí)施的土地利用變化的機(jī)會成本補(bǔ)償依據(jù)提供參考,實(shí)現(xiàn)國家水資源優(yōu)化配置具有重要理論和現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。主要結(jié)論如下： (1)生態(tài)用地持續(xù)增加,土地利用變化活躍區(qū)集中在河谷盆地及低山丘陵區(qū)。耕地和林地面積變化最大,研究時段,耕地減少484.44km2,林地增加425.54km2,耕地和林地的轉(zhuǎn)移量占到總轉(zhuǎn)移量的43%,主要表現(xiàn)為耕地向林地的轉(zhuǎn)化；增幅最大的是水域和建設(shè)用地,年均動態(tài)度分別達(dá)到1.19%和0.98%,但是比重較低,生態(tài)影響不大；土地利用變化的活躍區(qū)主要集中在河谷盆地及低山丘陵區(qū),這是土地利用變化的重點(diǎn)監(jiān)控區(qū)。 (2)土地破碎化程度高,景觀格局空間差異大,連通性有增強(qiáng)趨勢。林地斑塊面積最大,為364.28hm2,連通性最高,其中高山區(qū)斑塊數(shù)量少,面積大,而低山丘陵和河谷盆地區(qū),林地破碎,斑塊數(shù)量眾多。耕地斑塊數(shù)量最多,達(dá)55647塊,其中,河谷盆地連通性較好,斑塊數(shù)量少且面積大,而從低山丘陵至中山區(qū),斑塊數(shù)量雖傾向于減少,耕地零散分布,破碎化程度相當(dāng)高,反映出秦巴山地區(qū)耕地分布的宏觀特點(diǎn)。CA、CONTAG、AI、TE、ED等景觀指數(shù)動態(tài)變化顯示出研究區(qū)類型斑塊有聚集度增大、連通性增強(qiáng)的變化趨勢。 (3)土地利用變化的生態(tài)效應(yīng)物質(zhì)量增加顯著、空間差異較大。2000、2006、2012植被第一性生產(chǎn)力達(dá)6.05×107t,7.25×107t,7.42×107t/a,保持土壤量達(dá)到3.85×108t/a、2.53×108t/a和4.20×108t/a,總涵養(yǎng)水源量達(dá)到14.23×108t/a、15.41×108t/a、16.38×108t/a,數(shù)量巨大,生態(tài)效應(yīng)顯著且持續(xù)增加,生態(tài)環(huán)境物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)能力和保土保水能力快速提升。生態(tài)效應(yīng)保持物質(zhì)量的低值區(qū)集中于河谷盆地,高值區(qū)集中于南北兩側(cè)山地。空間分布表明隨高程增加,自然植被覆蓋度增加而帶來的生態(tài)效應(yīng)顯著。但從動態(tài)變化角度來看,增幅最大的區(qū)域集中在海拔1000m以下的河谷盆地和低山丘陵區(qū),河谷盆地為研究區(qū)主要工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)生活集中區(qū)域,土地利用方式改變難度大,生態(tài)效應(yīng)物質(zhì)量提升潛力較小,因此,低山丘陵區(qū)成為未來提升生態(tài)效應(yīng)物質(zhì)保持量的重點(diǎn)區(qū)域。 (4)土壤侵蝕強(qiáng)度和程度空間差異巨大,河谷盆地與低山丘陵區(qū)為土壤保持工作的重點(diǎn)區(qū)域。但從土壤實(shí)際侵蝕系數(shù)來看,低山丘陵區(qū)和河谷盆地區(qū)的實(shí)際侵蝕程度均較高,侵蝕程度可達(dá)40%以上,是土壤保持和治理工作的的重點(diǎn)區(qū)域。 (5)地利用變化生態(tài)效應(yīng)價值總量巨大且不斷增加,水源涵養(yǎng)機(jī)會成本高。2000、2006和2012年生態(tài)總效益依次為723.97、855.23和882.57億元；12年增加了158.60億元。生態(tài)系統(tǒng)總價值中,固碳釋氧價值量的貢獻(xiàn)率最高,其次為干物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)價值。NPP干物質(zhì)價值、固碳釋氧價值、保持土壤價值、涵養(yǎng)水源價值的高值區(qū)均在兩側(cè)山區(qū),低值區(qū)均在河谷盆地,低山丘陵為過渡區(qū),反映著自然植被隨高程增加而增加所帶來的環(huán)境效應(yīng),但是從生態(tài)總價值變化幅度來看,總價值量較低的河谷盆地和低山丘陵區(qū)增幅較大,反映出此區(qū)域土地利用變化生態(tài)效應(yīng)價值量變化最大的區(qū)域,也是應(yīng)進(jìn)行生態(tài)補(bǔ)償?shù)闹攸c(diǎn)區(qū)域。 (6)論文創(chuàng)新點(diǎn)： ①南水北調(diào)中線工程水源區(qū)承擔(dān)著我國北方缺水地區(qū)水資源調(diào)配的重任,水源涵養(yǎng)問題至關(guān)重要。以往的研究多就水論水,但水源涵養(yǎng)是一個涉及氣候、地形、植被、土壤、人類活動等多要素的復(fù)雜問題,需要進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)研究。本研究首次基于系統(tǒng)思維,對南水北調(diào)中線工程水源區(qū)漢江上游陜南段進(jìn)行l(wèi)ucc變化的水土保持效應(yīng)研究。 ②在前人土壤侵蝕通用方程基礎(chǔ)上,利用土壤保持措施因子P和植被覆蓋與經(jīng)營管理因子C,得到土壤實(shí)際侵蝕系數(shù),可有效的反映土壤侵蝕程度,更加準(zhǔn)確地說明人類活動對土壤侵蝕的影響程度。
[Abstract]:China is a serious water shortage in the country, the per capita water resources is only 1/4 of the world average, huge differences in spatial distribution and the northern region of water shortage is more serious, the South-to-North Water Transfer Project plays an important role in water resources in the north of Shaanxi. The deployment of the upper reaches of the Hanjiang River is an important water source area of the middle route of South to north water diversion project the land use change, and the relationship between the ecological environment and the safety of water itself, more far-reaching impact on northern China's water security and social and economic development.
Land use and land cover change is one of the key issues of global change research, land use change ecological effect evaluation is a hot topic of current research. Based on the South-to-North Water Diversion Project of key water area in the upper reaches of the Hanjiang River as study object, based on GIS and RS to support, collection and processing of remote sensing, meteorological, vegetation. Soil, multi-source data statistics, establish Geodatabase database integrated management of spatial data and attribute data, starting from the analysis of present situation of land use change, based on the dynamic degree of land use, land use transfer matrix, land use changes in the regional assessment of landscape pattern index and quantitative estimation of vegetation net primary productivity effect due to the change of land use, soil conservation effect and water conservation effect, to maintain the quality of the final value conversion, get the ecological effect of price The amount of value. This study on the optimization of land use pattern of water source area of Hanjiang River, improve water conservation capacity of water sources for water conservation and the implementation of the reference of land use change in the opportunity cost compensation basis, realize the optimal allocation has important theoretical and practical significance of national water resources. The main conclusions are as follows:
(1) the ecological land continued to increase, the land use change active area concentrated in the river basin and hilly area. The change of cultivated land and forest land area, study period, the decrease of cultivated land 484.44km2, woodland increased 425.54km2, the transfer amount of cultivated land and forest land accounted for the total transfer amount of 43%, mainly for the conversion of farmland to forestland is the largest increase; water area and construction land, the annual dynamic degree reached 1.19% and 0.98%, but the proportion is low, the ecological impact of land use change; active area mainly concentrated in the river basin and hilly area, which is the key monitoring area of land use change.
(2) a high degree of fragmentation of land, landscape spatial pattern, connectivity has increased. Forest land area is the largest, 364.28hm2, the highest connectivity, including the number of mountain area, and less plaque, hilly and valley basin area, woodland fragmentation, patch number. Many cultivated land had the largest number. Up to 55647, among them, the valley basin better connectivity, the number of patches and area, and from the hills to the Zhongshan area, although the number of patches tend to reduce the amount of arable land, scattered distribution, a high degree of fragmentation, reflect.CA, macroscopic characteristics of Qinba mountain area of cultivated land distribution of CONTAG, AI, TE, ED the dynamic change of landscape index shows the types of plaque aggregation increased, enhanced connectivity trends.
(3) the ecological effect of land use change in quality increased significantly. The spatial difference of.200020062012 vegetation is 6.05 * 107t, 7.25 * 107t, 7.42 * 107t/a, keep the soil volume reached 3.85 * 108t/a, 2.53 * 108t/a and 4.20 * 108t/a, the total water conservation quantity is 14.23 * 108t/a, 15.41 * 108t/a. 16.38 * 108t/a, a huge number, the ecological effect of a significant and sustained increase, rapid promotion of ecological environment material production capacity and soil water holding capacity. The ecological effect of keeping the quality of the low value area concentrated in the valley basin, the high value area focused on the two sides of North and South mountain. The spatial distribution shows that with increasing elevation, the natural increase of vegetation coverage. But the ecological effect caused by the significant. But from a dynamic point of view, the biggest increase in regional concentration at an altitude of 1000m valley basin and hilly area, river basin as the research area is mainly industrial and agricultural production and living in In the middle region, land use change is very difficult, and the quality of ecological effects is little. Therefore, hilly area will become a key area to enhance the material holding amount of ecological effects in the future.
(4) the difference of soil erosion intensity and the degree of space is huge, and the valley basin low mountain and hilly areas for soil conservation work in key areas. But from the actual soil erosion coefficient, the actual degree of erosion in hilly area and river basin area were higher, the degree of erosion is more than 40%, is the key area of soil conservation and management the.
(5) land use change and ecological effects of the total value of the huge and growing, water conservation and ecological high opportunity cost.20002006 2012 total efficiency were 723.97855.23 and 88 billion 257 million yuan; 12 years increased 15 billion 860 million yuan. The total value of ecosystem, carbon fixation and oxygen release value of the highest contribution rate, followed by dry matter production value of.NPP dry matter value, carbon fixation and oxygen release value, soil conservation value, high values are on both sides of the mountain water conservation value, low value area in the valley basin, low mountains and hills for the transition area, reflects the natural vegetation and environmental effect caused by the increase with the elevation increased, but from the total value of ecological change rate the total value of low growth, valley basin and hilly area is larger, this value reflects the regional variation of regional land use change and ecological effects of the largest, but also should focus on regional ecological compensation.
(6) the innovation of the paper:
The water source area of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project plays an important role in water resources in the north of China water allocation, water conservation is very important. Previous studies on water on the water, but the water conservation is related to climate, topography, vegetation, soil, human activities and other factors of complex problems, the need for system research. This is the first study based on systematic thinking, study on Soil and water conservation effect of LUCC change on the upper reaches of Hanjiang River water source area of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project in southern Shaanxi section.
Secondly, based on the general equation of soil erosion, soil erosion factors were obtained by soil conservation measures P and vegetation cover and management factor C, which can effectively reflect the degree of soil erosion, and more accurately explain the impact of human activities on soil erosion.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：P208;F301.24

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