本文關(guān)鍵詞： 濕地 景觀格局 驅(qū)動力 三門峽庫區(qū)　出處：《中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)（北京）》2013年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：濕地是介于水體和陸地之間的過渡區(qū)域，因其生物多樣性豐富而被公認(rèn)為是地球上最富有的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。然而，地球上的許多濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)因人類活動及自然要素的影響而發(fā)生了嚴(yán)重的退化。因此，濕地研究為人類所關(guān)注。 三門峽庫區(qū)濕地是在三門峽水利樞紐不同運行水位和黃河中游特殊的水沙條件下形成類型多樣化的濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，是區(qū)域生物多樣性最豐富的區(qū)域之一。庫區(qū)濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)在調(diào)節(jié)徑流、控制污染、調(diào)節(jié)氣候、保護(hù)生物多樣性等方面起著重要作用，已成為我國中部地區(qū)重要的冬季候鳥棲息地，是黃河中游濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的典型代表，對于維持黃河生命健康具有重要作用。然而，由于自然因素和人類活動的影響，庫區(qū)濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)發(fā)生了較大的變化，如濕地退化、河道萎縮。 本論文基于遙感技術(shù)和景觀生態(tài)學(xué)理論，對黃河潼關(guān)-三門峽庫區(qū)的濕地景觀格局變化進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)的分析，探討庫區(qū)濕地景觀格局變化的驅(qū)動力。本研究揭示濕地生態(tài)景觀格局演變規(guī)律、辨識水庫運行方式與濕地景觀格局之間的關(guān)系，識別庫區(qū)濕地生態(tài)景觀格局演變的主要驅(qū)動力，對于開展?jié)竦厣鷳B(tài)恢復(fù)等方面均具有重要意義。 研究結(jié)果表明，各類型濕地面積在研究期間發(fā)生了較大變化。灘地濕地面積從1980年的174.75km~2減少至2010年的63.39km~2，平均每年損失灘地面積3.71km~2；沼澤濕地從1980年的3.10km~2增加至2000年的7.69km~2，至2010年減少為4.8km~2；而人工濕地由1980年的6.96km~2增加為2010年的15.89km~2，增加了一倍。人工濕地的這種變化趨勢說明人類活動對濕地格局的影響在不斷加強。 景觀格局分析表明，各類型濕地斑塊數(shù)量和斑塊密度均發(fā)生顯著變化。灘地濕地斑塊密度呈先增加后減少，，研究期間密度有所增加；人工濕地斑塊密度則一直在增大。斑塊密度的增加表明濕地變得破碎化，濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)不斷退化。對河道形態(tài)格局的分析結(jié)果表明，由于受人類活動和泥沙淤積的影響，黃河潼關(guān)-三門峽段河道形態(tài)處于不斷變化之中。 研究結(jié)果表明，人口增加和經(jīng)濟快速發(fā)展可能是研究區(qū)濕地景觀格局變化的根本原因，人口增長和經(jīng)濟發(fā)展刺激土地需求，加快了濕地向非濕地的轉(zhuǎn)化。農(nóng)業(yè)活動是庫區(qū)灘地濕地面積不斷減少、斑塊破碎化的重要原因，野外濕地考察結(jié)果也證明了這一點。黃河干流上大壩的修筑和三門峽水庫調(diào)控運行，對濕地景觀格局的影響主要體現(xiàn)在對濕地水文條件改變的影響。研究區(qū)濕地景觀格局變化的自然驅(qū)動力主要來自氣溫和降水，分析顯示研究區(qū)氣溫呈不斷升高的趨勢，而年均降水量呈逐漸下降變化趨勢。
[Abstract]:Wetland is a transitional region between water and land. It is recognized as the richest ecosystem on the earth because of its rich biodiversity. Many wetland ecosystems on the earth have been seriously degraded due to the influence of human activities and natural factors. The wetland in Sanmenxia reservoir area is a wetland ecosystem with various types under different operating water levels and special water and sediment conditions in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. Wetland ecosystem plays an important role in regulating runoff, controlling pollution, regulating climate and protecting biodiversity. It has become an important winter migratory bird habitat in the central part of China. It is a typical representative of wetland ecosystem in the middle reaches of the Yellow River and plays an important role in maintaining the life and health of the Yellow River. Because of the influence of natural factors and human activities, the wetland ecosystem in the reservoir area has undergone great changes, such as wetland degradation and river channel atrophy. Based on remote sensing technology and landscape ecology theory, this paper systematically analyzes the changes of wetland landscape pattern in Tongguan-Sanmenxia reservoir area of the Yellow River. This study revealed the evolution law of wetland ecological landscape pattern and identified the relationship between reservoir operation mode and wetland landscape pattern. It is of great significance to identify the main driving forces of wetland ecological landscape pattern evolution in the reservoir area and to carry out wetland ecological restoration. The results show that the wetland area of various types has changed greatly during the study period. The wetland area of the beach has been reduced from 174.75kmm2 in 1980 to 63.39kmm2 in 2010. The average loss area of beach land is 3.71 km / m ~ (2) per year; The swamp wetland increased from 3.10km2 in 1980 to 7.69km2 in 2000, and decreased to 4.8km2 by 2010. However, the constructed wetland increased from 6.96 km2 in 1980 to 15.89 km2 in 2010. The trend of artificial wetland shows that the influence of human activities on wetland pattern is increasing. Landscape pattern analysis showed that the number and density of various types of wetland patches changed significantly. The density of wetland patches increased first and then decreased and increased during the study period. The patch density of constructed wetland is increasing all the time. The increase of patch density indicates that the wetland becomes fragmented and the wetland ecosystem continues to degrade. Due to the influence of human activities and sediment deposition, the channel shape of Tongguan-Sanmenxia section of the Yellow River is constantly changing. The results show that population growth and rapid economic development may be the fundamental reasons for the change of wetland landscape pattern in the study area. Population growth and economic development stimulate land demand. Agricultural activities are an important reason for the continuous reduction of wetland area and fragmentation of patches in beach land in the reservoir area. The construction of the dam on the main stream of the Yellow River and the operation of the Sanmenxia Reservoir are proved by the results of the field wetland survey. The influence on wetland landscape pattern is mainly reflected in the change of wetland hydrological conditions. The natural driving force of wetland landscape pattern change in the study area is mainly from temperature and precipitation. The analysis shows that the air temperature in the study area is increasing and the average annual precipitation is decreasing gradually.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)（北京）
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：P901;P237

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