【摘要】：蒸發(fā)蒸騰是干旱和半干旱地區(qū)淺埋藏地下水最主要的排泄方式,而降雨是地下水的主要補給方式。兩者均是地下水系統(tǒng)中最重要的均衡項,這兩項的精確估算在地下水資源評價、地下水的合理開發(fā)和植被保護等方面起著重要作用。本文以陜西寶雞渭河南岸黃土區(qū)為研究區(qū),選取了7個具有代表性的觀測井,獲得了為時一年的高頻率地下水水位監(jiān)測數(shù)據(jù)。在此基礎(chǔ)上,分析了地下水位的變化規(guī)律,利用地下水水位波動法逐一分離凈補給和氣壓效應(yīng)引起的水位變化量,消除利斯效應(yīng),分別獲取了蒸發(fā)蒸騰強度和降雨入滲補給強度的估算方法。并利用水量均衡法驗證了這兩種估算方法是準(zhǔn)確可靠的。研究取得了以下主要成果:(1)地下水的側(cè)向凈補給引起的地下水位的變化整體呈現(xiàn)出“夏季多,冬季少”的趨勢,最大值出現(xiàn)在9月為4.96 cm/d,最小值出現(xiàn)在1月為1.41 cm/d,春季補給平穩(wěn)。(2)氣壓效應(yīng)在研究區(qū)顯著,是影響地下水水位波動的重要因素。水位對氣壓響應(yīng)的滯后特征,觀測井水位滯后時間在0~80分鐘不等。氣壓效應(yīng)系數(shù)的可信區(qū)間為(-0.558,-0.442)。在本研究區(qū)內(nèi),氣壓效應(yīng)引起的水位變化量在淺水位區(qū)比較大,深埋深區(qū)比較小,也可以初步的判定該區(qū)域水位能受到氣壓效應(yīng)影響的深度約小于3.5 m。(3)蒸發(fā)蒸騰強度的年內(nèi)變化由7個觀測井的數(shù)據(jù)來體現(xiàn),可以簡單描述為“夏高春低,秋高冬低”,5、6、7、8月份最高。(4)地下水水位對降雨事件存在響應(yīng)延遲效應(yīng)。地下水水位對降雨事件的響應(yīng)延遲時間與降雨事件的發(fā)生情況、降雨強度的大小、水位埋深等因素有關(guān)。長時間未降雨后的第一次降雨,水位的響應(yīng)延遲時間較長。水位埋深越大,水位的響應(yīng)延遲時間越長。降雨強度越大,水位的響應(yīng)時間越短。(5)6個有效觀測井的年均降雨入滲補給系數(shù)分別為0.37、0.29、0.64、0.39、0.43、0.23。整體表現(xiàn)為,久旱后的首場雨的補給系數(shù)很小或為0,隨著降雨陸續(xù)的發(fā)生降雨入滲補給系數(shù)增大。降雨入滲補給地下水存在持續(xù)效應(yīng),在研究時段內(nèi),降雨的持續(xù)時間在5-40天不等。
[Abstract]:Evaporation and transpiration is the most important discharge mode of shallow groundwater in arid and semi-arid areas, and rainfall is the main way to replenish groundwater. Both of them are the most important equilibrium terms in groundwater system, and the accurate estimation of these two items plays an important role in the evaluation of groundwater resources, the rational exploitation of groundwater and the protection of vegetation and so on. In this paper, 7 representative observation wells were selected from the loess area on the south bank of Weihe River in Baoji, Shaanxi Province, and the monitoring data of high frequency groundwater level for one year were obtained. On the basis of this, the variation rule of groundwater level is analyzed, and the water level change caused by net replenishment and barometric effect is separated one by the method of groundwater level fluctuation, so as to eliminate the Liss effect. The estimation methods of evaporation and transpiration intensity and rainfall infiltration recharge intensity were obtained respectively. The water balance method is used to verify that the two methods are accurate and reliable. The main results are as follows: (1) the variation of groundwater level caused by lateral net recharge of groundwater shows the trend of "more summer and less winter", and the maximum value is 4.96 cm/d, in September. The minimum value was 1.41 cm/d, in January. (2) the barometric effect was significant in the study area, which was an important factor affecting the fluctuation of groundwater level. The lag time of water level response to air pressure varies from 0 to 80 minutes. The confidence interval of barometric effect coefficient is (- 0.558, / 0.442). In this study area, the change of water level caused by barometric effect is larger in shallow water level area, and smaller in deep buried area. It can also be preliminarily determined that the depth at which the water level in this area can be affected by the barometric effect is less than 3.5 m. (3) the annual variation of evapotranspiration intensity is reflected by the data from seven observation wells, which can be simply described as "high summer and low spring." Autumn is high and winter is low ", 5,6,7 and August are the highest. (4) the response of groundwater level to rainfall events is delayed. The response delay time of groundwater level to rainfall events is related to the occurrence of rainfall events, the magnitude of rainfall intensity, the depth of water level and other factors. For the first rainfall without rainfall for a long time, the response delay time of the water level is longer. The greater the depth of the water level, the longer the delay time of the response of the water level is. The higher the rainfall intensity, the shorter the response time of the water level. (5) the annual rainfall infiltration replenishment coefficients of the six effective observation wells are 0.37, 0.29, 0.64, 0.39, 0.43, 0.23 respectively. As a whole, the replenishment coefficient of the first rain after a long drought is very small or 0, and the replenishment coefficient of rainfall infiltration increases with the occurrence of rainfall one after another. Rainfall infiltration recharge groundwater has a persistent effect, during the study period, the duration of rainfall is not equal to 5-40 days.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：長安大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：P641

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