【摘要】：近年來,地震勘探從傳統(tǒng)的構(gòu)造勘探向巖性勘探轉(zhuǎn)變,而在巖性油氣藏勘探階段亟需解決的問題主要有:有利儲層識別、裂縫檢測、巖性及含流體屬性分析等。品質(zhì)因子值與地下介質(zhì)信息密切相關(guān),將其用于對地震波衰減頻散現(xiàn)象的辨識與分析,有助于提高儲層描述及油藏預(yù)測精度。準(zhǔn)確估計(jì)地震波衰減對提高地震成像分辨率、儲層預(yù)測及裂縫檢測的可靠性具有重要作用。因此,Q值估計(jì)問題一直是介質(zhì)非彈性研究領(lǐng)域的重點(diǎn)課題之一。本文首先討論了粘彈性介質(zhì)理論和地震波吸收衰減機(jī)制及其影響因素,介紹了幾種時(shí)頻分析方法及其各自的適用條件。進(jìn)而論述了幾種常規(guī)的Q值估計(jì)方法,比較了常用的峰值頻率法、質(zhì)心頻率偏移法、譜比法的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)及各自的適用條件,并研究了基于時(shí)變褶積模型的常Q模型地震波衰減模擬。Q本身是一個(gè)有用的物性參數(shù),但是卻很少被準(zhǔn)確的測量出來。傳統(tǒng)的基于疊后地震資料的Q值估算精度較低、適用性差;基于VSP資料進(jìn)行的Q值估計(jì)準(zhǔn)確度高,但由于VSP資料覆蓋范圍小,實(shí)用性不強(qiáng)。為了克服基于常規(guī)疊后資料和VSP資料Q值估計(jì)方法的缺陷,本文提出了一種基于疊前CMP道集進(jìn)行Q值估計(jì)的方法。該方法采用時(shí)頻分辨率可調(diào)的廣義S變換,對經(jīng)過簡單預(yù)處理的疊前CMP道集進(jìn)行時(shí)頻分析,由于廣義S變換的時(shí)窗大小可以隨頻率調(diào)節(jié),減小了由于薄層引起的空間譜干擾的影響。并對其進(jìn)行振幅譜畸變校正,消除非雙曲動校和動校拉伸的影響。對于實(shí)際資料,在偏移距窗口內(nèi)選取相鄰的幾道做一個(gè)部分疊加,提高了信噪比。選取合適的參考軸,由頻譜比對數(shù)與頻率呈線性關(guān)系即可反演得到譜比斜率,由譜比斜率隨偏移距平方的線性關(guān)系估算出零偏移距處的射線平均品質(zhì)因子,再由層剝離法估計(jì)層品質(zhì)因子,還可得到無衰減的AVO信息。模型數(shù)據(jù)和實(shí)際資料的應(yīng)用都取得了很好的效果,證明基于疊前CMP道集的Q值估計(jì)方法簡單有效、準(zhǔn)確性高,可用于含油氣檢測。
[Abstract]:In recent years, seismic exploration has changed from traditional structural exploration to lithologic exploration. The main problems that need to be solved in lithologic oil and gas reservoir exploration stage are: identification of favorable reservoir, fracture detection, lithology and fluid-bearing attribute analysis and so on. The value of quality factor is closely related to the information of underground medium. It can be used to identify and analyze the attenuation and dispersion phenomenon of seismic wave, which is helpful to improve the reservoir description and reservoir prediction accuracy. Accurate estimation of seismic wave attenuation plays an important role in improving the resolution of seismic imaging, reservoir prediction and reliability of fracture detection. Therefore, Q-value estimation is always one of the key topics in the field of inelastic media. In this paper, the theory of viscoelastic medium, the mechanism of seismic wave absorption and attenuation and its influencing factors are discussed, and several time-frequency analysis methods and their respective applicable conditions are introduced. Furthermore, several conventional Q estimation methods are discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of peak frequency method, centroid frequency offset method, spectral ratio method and their respective applicable conditions are compared. The seismic wave attenuation simulation of constant Q model based on time-varying convolution model is studied. Q itself is a useful physical parameter, but it is seldom measured accurately. The traditional Q value estimation based on post-stack seismic data has low accuracy and poor applicability, and the accuracy of Q value estimation based on VSP data is high, but because of the small coverage range of VSP data, its practicability is not strong. In order to overcome the defects of the method of Q value estimation based on conventional poststack data and VSP data, a method of Q value estimation based on prestack CMP gather is proposed in this paper. In this method, the time-frequency analysis of prestack CMP gathers is carried out by using generalized S-transform with adjustable time-frequency resolution. Because the window size of generalized S-transform can be adjusted with frequency, The influence of spatial spectral interference caused by thin layer is reduced. The amplitude spectrum distortion is corrected to eliminate the influence of non-hyperbolic and dynamic calibration. For the actual data, several adjacent channels in the offset window are selected for a partial stack, which improves the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). By selecting the appropriate reference axis, the spectral slope can be obtained from the linear relationship between the frequency and the frequency, and the ray-average quality factor at the zero offset can be estimated from the linear relation between the spectral ratio slope and the square of the offset. The layer quality factor can be estimated by the layer stripping method, and the AVO information without attenuation can be obtained. The application of the model data and the actual data shows that the Q value estimation method based on prestack CMP gathers is simple, effective and accurate, and can be used for oil and gas detection.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國石油大學(xué)(華東)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：P631.4

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