【摘要】：實(shí)際巖石中往往含有大量的非均勻體,對巖石性質(zhì)尤其是聲學(xué)性質(zhì)有著重要影響;而非均勻的定向排列、應(yīng)力集中等因素會引發(fā)地層的各向異性。地層各向異性的評價對于儲層性質(zhì)解釋有著重要意義,地層各向異性評價從常規(guī)的電纜測量到如今逐步發(fā)展到隨鉆測量。本文針對地層各向異性評價的隨鉆聲波測井這一重大課題,分析了定向非均勻體誘發(fā)地層各向異性機(jī)理,推導(dǎo)了各向異性地層隨鉆聲波理論并進(jìn)行了數(shù)值模擬,通過理論分析提出用于隨鉆測量下的地層各向異性反演方法,并將本文反演方法應(yīng)用到實(shí)際處理當(dāng)中,取得了很好地效果。全文共分為四個部分:第一部分研究了定向非均勻體誘發(fā)地層各向異性的理論。首先研究了均勻介質(zhì)中含定向非均勻體的理論和數(shù)值模擬方法,考察了不同非均勻體填充物對介質(zhì)各向異性的影響規(guī)律。接下來,針對背景介質(zhì)為各向異性的介質(zhì),考察了其含定向非均勻體時的響應(yīng)特征,模擬了非均勻體指向、非均勻體形態(tài)及填充物類型對介質(zhì)有效彈性模量的影響。第二部分針對隨鉆井孔測量環(huán)境地層各向異性聲場理論進(jìn)行了推導(dǎo),考察了橫向各向同性地層的井孔響應(yīng);此外針對裂隙非定向排列情況,推導(dǎo)了含孔隙、裂隙的隨鉆井孔響應(yīng)理論。針對隨鉆測量時復(fù)雜的儀器設(shè)計(jì)對理論推導(dǎo)帶來的復(fù)雜性,提出了一種簡化的儀器等效理論,并進(jìn)行了理論推導(dǎo)。對隨鉆孔裂隙地層與隨鉆橫向各向同性地層的井孔聲場特征進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的數(shù)值模擬,分析了不同參數(shù)對隨鉆測量的靈敏度;利用解析與數(shù)值的方法對儀器等效理論進(jìn)行了驗(yàn)證。第三部分提出了用于隨鉆聲波測井反演地層各向異性的方法。首先研究了一種從時域波形提取頻散特性的頻域相干方法,并對該方法的實(shí)用性進(jìn)行了的驗(yàn)證。利用單極子斯通利波對水平向橫波高靈敏度特性,建立反演的目標(biāo)函數(shù),通過在各向同性地層對等效儀器參數(shù)進(jìn)行標(biāo)定消除儀器對地層頻散特性的影響,進(jìn)而求取地層的各向異性大小。針對地層橫波信息缺失或地層頻散嚴(yán)重須進(jìn)行頻散校正的情況,提出了一種聯(lián)合反演的方法同時反演地層水平向橫波速度與垂直向橫波速度,進(jìn)而求取地層的各向異性。對地層各向異性的反演方法進(jìn)行了數(shù)值模擬與實(shí)際處理驗(yàn)證,處理結(jié)果與理論分析一致。第四部分針對提出的反演方法,對實(shí)際地層進(jìn)行了綜合處理,處理結(jié)果表明本文提出的方法可以很好的適用于隨鉆測量情況,在致密地層與頁巖等非常規(guī)地層也有很好的應(yīng)用效果。
[Abstract]:There are often a large number of heterogeneous bodies in real rocks, which have an important influence on rock properties, especially acoustic properties, while the anisotropy of strata will be induced by such factors as non-uniform directional arrangement, stress concentration and so on. The evaluation of formation anisotropy is of great significance to the interpretation of reservoir properties. The evaluation of formation anisotropy has gradually developed from conventional cable measurements to while drilling measurements. In this paper, the mechanism of anisotropic formation induced by directional inhomogeneous body is analyzed, and the theory of anisotropic formation while drilling is deduced and the numerical simulation is carried out, aiming at the important subject of formation anisotropy evaluation while drilling acoustic logging. Based on the theoretical analysis, a method of anisotropic inversion of formation is proposed, and the inversion method is applied to practical processing, and a good result is obtained. The paper is divided into four parts: in the first part, the theory of anisotropy induced by directional inhomogeneity is studied. Firstly, the theory and numerical simulation method of directional inhomogeneous body in homogeneous medium are studied, and the influence of different inhomogeneous body fillers on anisotropy of the medium is investigated. Then, the response characteristics of the medium with anisotropic background media are investigated, and the effects of the direction of the inhomogeneous body, the shape of the inhomogeneous body and the type of filler on the effective elastic modulus of the medium are simulated. In the second part, the anisotropic sound field theory of formation measured with drilling hole is deduced, and the hole response of transversely isotropic formation is investigated. Theory of response of fractures with drilling holes. Aiming at the complexity of theoretical derivation brought by complicated instrument design while measuring while drilling, a simplified equivalent instrument theory is put forward, and the theoretical derivation is carried out. The acoustic field characteristics of borehole in fractured formation and transversely isotropic formation while drilling are numerically simulated, the sensitivity of different parameters to measurement while drilling is analyzed, and the instrumental equivalent theory is verified by analytical and numerical methods. In the third part, a method for inversion of formation anisotropy by drilling acoustic logging is presented. Firstly, a frequency domain coherent method for extracting dispersion characteristics from time-domain waveforms is studied, and its practicability is verified. The objective function of inversion is established by using the high sensitivity characteristic of unipolar wavelet to horizontal shear wave. The influence of the instrument on the dispersion characteristics of the formation is eliminated by calibrating the equivalent instrument parameters in isotropic strata. Then the anisotropy of the formation is obtained. In view of the lack of formation shear wave information or the serious need for dispersion correction, a joint inversion method is proposed to simultaneously invert horizontal shear wave velocity and vertical shear wave velocity, so as to obtain the anisotropy of the formation. The inversion method of formation anisotropy is verified by numerical simulation and practical processing, and the results are in agreement with theoretical analysis. In the fourth part, according to the proposed inversion method, the actual strata are comprehensively processed. The processing results show that the method proposed in this paper can be applied to the situation of measurement while drilling. It also has good application effect in dense strata and unconventional formations such as shale.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國石油大學(xué)(華東)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：P631.81

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