本文選題：大型發(fā)電機(jī) + 繼電保護(hù)��； 參考：《華北電力大學(xué)》2014年博士論文

【摘要】：隨著互聯(lián)電網(wǎng)規(guī)模的不斷擴(kuò)大,電力系統(tǒng)正向著“大機(jī)組、特高壓、大電網(wǎng)”方向發(fā)展。大機(jī)組在絕緣、結(jié)構(gòu)工藝、設(shè)計(jì)、運(yùn)行等方面出現(xiàn)了很多新的特點(diǎn),對(duì)發(fā)電機(jī)保護(hù)提出了更多、更高的要求；大電網(wǎng)的遠(yuǎn)距離、跨區(qū)域送電的特點(diǎn),使得電網(wǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、運(yùn)行控制困難,導(dǎo)致電網(wǎng)的安全穩(wěn)定問題更加突出,機(jī)網(wǎng)協(xié)調(diào)變得更加迫切。而涉網(wǎng)保護(hù),如定/轉(zhuǎn)子接地保護(hù)、失磁保護(hù)、失步保護(hù)等,不完善、可靠性不高,它們?cè)诖箅娋W(wǎng)事故中的不正確、不合理動(dòng)作加劇了電網(wǎng)的崩潰,是發(fā)電機(jī)保護(hù)的固疾、頑疾,也是電網(wǎng)安全穩(wěn)定的潛在威脅。本文以保障大機(jī)組、大電網(wǎng)的安全穩(wěn)定為目標(biāo),針對(duì)發(fā)電機(jī)保護(hù)的幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)：定子接地保護(hù)、失磁保護(hù)、失步保護(hù)以及保護(hù)配置等展開了深入研究。 論文首先分析比較了傳統(tǒng)的發(fā)電機(jī)定子接地保護(hù)：基波零序電壓保護(hù)、三次諧波電壓保護(hù)的靈敏度及其配合問題。研究表明,大型發(fā)電機(jī)組的定子對(duì)地電容比較大時(shí),這兩種保護(hù)方案不能滿足靈敏度要求,并且不能在發(fā)電機(jī)靜止和啟／停機(jī)狀態(tài)下提供保護(hù),需要引入注入式定子接地保護(hù)。 接著研究分析了注入式定子接地保護(hù)的原理、方案設(shè)計(jì),以及影響其靈敏度的因素。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)電機(jī)接地變壓器的參數(shù)對(duì)保護(hù)靈敏度和誤差影響很大,并且在工程應(yīng)用中調(diào)試、補(bǔ)償復(fù)雜,難以準(zhǔn)確。針對(duì)這些問題提出了不受接地變參數(shù)影響的新保護(hù)方案。新方案將注入與測(cè)量回路分開,使保護(hù)不受接地變參數(shù)的影響,無需補(bǔ)償就能達(dá)到很高的靈敏度,簡(jiǎn)化了工程調(diào)試。動(dòng)模試驗(yàn)和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)試驗(yàn)也驗(yàn)證了新方案的有效性。 研究分析了傳統(tǒng)的基于靜穩(wěn)極限阻抗圓特性的失磁保護(hù),分析了它的特點(diǎn)和不足。針對(duì)其受發(fā)電機(jī)負(fù)荷變化影響大的缺點(diǎn),提出自適應(yīng)負(fù)荷變化的新型失磁保護(hù)方案。通過仿真證明了新方案的有效性,尤其是在較小負(fù)荷下,與傳統(tǒng)的靜穩(wěn)極限阻抗圓判據(jù)相比,動(dòng)作更加快速、可靠。 研究分析了發(fā)電機(jī)失磁過程中的阻抗軌跡特征,并提出3種失磁保護(hù)新判據(jù)。新判據(jù)利用了失磁過程中的3個(gè)電氣量：阻抗軌跡的變化范圍、等有功阻抗圓的圓心角、圓心角的變化量。綜合3種新判據(jù)以及一些輔助措施提出了新失磁保護(hù)方案。新方案在失磁后立刻就能檢測(cè)到,經(jīng)過短暫延時(shí),躲過可能的非失磁故障造成的擾動(dòng),就可以快速發(fā)信。經(jīng)過仿真驗(yàn)證表明,新方案在各種失磁和非失磁工況下都能準(zhǔn)確、可靠動(dòng)作。 研究了等能量法和等面積法的發(fā)電機(jī)失步保護(hù)。提出基于實(shí)時(shí)機(jī)械功率測(cè)量和等能量法的新型失步保護(hù)方案。新失步保護(hù)方案能跟蹤測(cè)量發(fā)電機(jī)的實(shí)時(shí)機(jī)械功率,使等能量法的失步保護(hù)在采取快關(guān)汽門等緊急控制手段時(shí)更加準(zhǔn)確、可靠。 研究了擴(kuò)展等面積法的暫態(tài)穩(wěn)定分析方法,提出一種基于廣域測(cè)量系統(tǒng)和擴(kuò)展等面積法的多機(jī)失步保護(hù)方案。新方案通過廣域測(cè)量系統(tǒng)獲取各發(fā)電機(jī)的功率、功角數(shù)據(jù),利用擴(kuò)展等面積法判斷系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)。經(jīng)仿真驗(yàn)證了保護(hù)方案的有效性。 最后總結(jié)了大型發(fā)電機(jī)組的特殊性及其對(duì)發(fā)電機(jī)保護(hù)提出的新要求,根據(jù)大型發(fā)電機(jī)組的特殊性和現(xiàn)代大電網(wǎng)安全穩(wěn)定的需要,總結(jié)了相關(guān)發(fā)電機(jī)保護(hù)的配置原則。
[Abstract]:With the continuous expansion of the scale of the interconnected power grid, the power system is developing in the direction of "large unit, ultra high voltage, large power grid". Large units have many new characteristics in the aspects of insulation, structure technology, design and operation, and put forward more and more demanding for generator protection; the long distance of the large power grid, the characteristics of the transmission across the region, and the electric power The network structure is complicated and the operation control is difficult, which causes the security and stability of the power grid more prominent, and the coordination of the network becomes more urgent. And the network protection, such as the fixed / rotor grounding protection, the loss of magnetic protection, the lost step protection, is not perfect, and the reliability is not high, they are not correct in the large power grid accidents, and the unreasonable action aggravates the breakdown of the power grid and is the generation of power generation. In order to ensure the safety and stability of large power units and large power grids, this paper aims at ensuring the safety and stability of large power units and large power grids. This paper aims at several key technologies of generator protection, such as stator grounding protection, demagnetization protection, lost step protection and protection configuration.
The paper first analyzes and compares the traditional generator stator grounding protection: the fundamental zero sequence voltage protection and the sensitivity and coordination of the three harmonic voltage protection. The study shows that the two protection schemes can not meet the requirements of the sensitivity and can not be stationary and open to the generator when the stator capacitance of the large generator is large. The protection of stator is grounded, and the injection type stator grounding protection is needed.
Then the principle of injection stator grounding protection, the scheme design, and the factors affecting its sensitivity are studied and analyzed. It is found that the parameters of the generator grounding transformer have great influence on the protection sensitivity and error, and the compensation is complex and difficult to be accurate in the engineering application. The new scheme provides a new protection scheme. The new scheme separates the injection from the measurement circuit to make the protection unaffected by the grounding variable parameters. It can achieve high sensitivity without compensation and simplifies the commissioning of the project. The dynamic model test and field test also verify the effectiveness of the new scheme.
This paper studies and analyzes the traditional loss of magnetic protection based on the static stability limit impedance circle characteristics, analyzes its characteristics and shortcomings. In view of its large influence on the change of generator load, a new type of self adaptive load change protection scheme is proposed. The effectiveness of the new scheme is proved by simulation, especially under the small load, with the traditional static. Compared with the steady limit impedance circle criterion, the motion is faster and more reliable.
The characteristics of the impedance track in the process of generator loss are studied and analyzed, and 3 new criteria are proposed. The new criterion uses 3 electrical quantities in the process of demagnetization: the range of the impedance track, the center angle of the active impedance circle, the change of the center angle, and the comprehensive 3 new criteria and some auxiliary measures for the new demagnetization protection. The new scheme can be detected immediately after the loss of magnetic field. After a short delay, the new scheme can quickly send a letter by avoiding the possible disturbance caused by the non loss of magnetic failure. The simulation shows that the new scheme can be accurate and reliable in all kinds of demagnetization and non loss of magnetic conditions.
A new type of lost step protection for generators based on equal energy method and equal area method is studied. A new step protection scheme based on real time mechanical power measurement and equal energy method is proposed. The new lost step protection scheme can track the real time mechanical power of the generator, and make the loss step protection of the equal energy method more accurate when adopting emergency control means such as fast closing the valve and so on. Rely on.
The transient stability analysis method of extended equal area method is studied, and a multi machine lost step protection scheme based on the wide area measurement system and the extended equal area method is proposed. The new scheme obtains the power and power angle data of each generator through the wide area measurement system, and uses the extended equal area method to judge the stability of the system. The protection scheme is verified by simulation. Validity.
At last, the particularity of large generator set and the new requirements for generator protection are summarized. According to the particularity of the large generator set and the need of the safety and stability of the modern large power grid, the principle of the configuration of the related generator protection is summarized.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華北電力大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：TM307.3

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