本文關(guān)鍵詞：“第三條道路”述評，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。

英國工黨“第三條道路”述評

英國工黨“第三條道路”述評

1997年前后，英國工黨領(lǐng)袖布萊爾明確提出工黨要走一條超越資本主義內(nèi)部傳統(tǒng)左右政治分野的“第三條道路”。隨著布萊爾在各種雙邊和多邊國際場合的大力宣傳，歐洲其它一些國家的社會民主黨紛紛對“第三條道路”表示贊同或關(guān)注，一時間“第三條道路”成為影響廣泛的國際思潮。理論界對工黨“第三條道路”極為關(guān)注，國內(nèi)外學(xué)者圍繞著“第三條道路”的基本內(nèi)容、相關(guān)政策和產(chǎn)生背景等一系列不足，掀起了研究熱潮，并取得了許多重要成果。本文在這些研究成果的基礎(chǔ)上，運(yùn)用綜合、比較、歸納的研究策略，系統(tǒng)地闡述了英國工黨“第三條道路”的形成過程、治國理念和政策，多方面地考察了“第三條道路”的產(chǎn)生理由，并聯(lián)系當(dāng)前學(xué)術(shù)界和政治界對“第三條道路”認(rèn)識上有爭議的幾個不足，對“第三條道路”的實質(zhì)、實踐中的成效與不足以及它在歐洲社會民主黨變革中的地位和影響等不足作了評價。 文章主要包括四個部分。 一、“第三條道路”的形成。“第三條道路”雖正式形成于1997年前后，但它作為現(xiàn)代化的工黨理論和政策，經(jīng)歷了一個漫長的形成過程。20世紀(jì)50年代修正主義思潮的興起是工黨現(xiàn)代化的起步。80年代以后，工黨在金諾克和史密斯的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，現(xiàn)代化變革發(fā)展為持續(xù)化運(yùn)動，“第三條道路”關(guān)于所有制、國家、市場等方面的思想逐漸形成。90年代中后期，布萊爾進(jìn)一步推動了工黨現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程，取得了突破性進(jìn)展，并把工黨革新后的理論和政策冠之以超越左右的“第三條道路”，加以推廣和實踐。 二、“第三條道路”的治國理念和政策。1997年工黨政府上臺后，以“第三條道路”為治國理念，推出了廣泛的革新措施：發(fā)展在放任與規(guī)范之間尋求平衡的新混合經(jīng)濟(jì)，革新金融和稅收制度，，扶植中小企業(yè)，推動知識經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展；構(gòu)建積極福利制度，推行“為能工作的人服務(wù)，為不能工作的人保險”為宗旨的福利革新；建設(shè)新型民主國家，實施以權(quán)力下放為主題和目標(biāo)的憲政革新；推崇全球治理，提出“新國際主義”，重視人權(quán)外交，開展了多方位的外交實踐。 三、“第三條道路”產(chǎn)生的理由。自20世紀(jì)50年代以來，工黨就面臨著多重危機(jī)，一度連續(xù)在野18年，為了在政黨競爭中取勝，工黨不斷尋求變革之路，這是“第三條道路”產(chǎn)生的直接理由。同時，撒切爾主義存整個80年代的成功實踐，摧毀了工黨舊的思想和組織基礎(chǔ)，深刻改造了英國社會，推動了工黨現(xiàn)代化的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展，而它造成的負(fù)面效應(yīng)又為工黨提出超越它的“第三條道路”提供了政策空間。另外，20世紀(jì)末，世界形勢發(fā)生了巨大變化。蘇東劇變，冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束，全球化和科技革命加速發(fā)展，提出了一些左與右的傳統(tǒng)政治無法涵蓋的不足，這為工黨“第三條道路”的產(chǎn)生提供了演繹舞臺。 四、對“第三條道路”的認(rèn)識和評價�！暗谌龡l道路”反映了工黨理論和政策的右傾化，標(biāo)志著英國新一輪共識政治的出現(xiàn)，但共識政治并不等于“一致政治”，工黨與保守黨在性質(zhì)、傳統(tǒng)上的根本差異，決定了“第三條道路”不可能使工黨變成完全的新自由主義政黨。工黨“第三條道路”的政策在實踐中成效顯著，特別是在推動經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方面，但由于一些具體不足的復(fù)雜性以及工黨在一些不足上的實用主義考慮，又使得“第三條道路”在實踐中存在很多不足。在近年來歐洲社會民主黨以右傾化為特點的變革中，由于英國工黨“第三條道路”最為理論化和系統(tǒng)化、影響更為廣泛、實施得較為成功，因此它充當(dāng)了當(dāng)前歐洲社會民主黨理論和政策變革的典型代表;但英國與歐洲大陸國家在資本主義發(fā)展模式以及其它方面的差異，又決定了工黨“第三條道路”具有自身的獨特性。

【Abstract】 In the year of 1997 or so, Tony Blair, leader of Britain Labour party, brought forward a new politics concept entitled " Third Way " which beyond " left " and " right " division of Capitalism traditional politics. After that, Blair propagandized it in many inter and multi-international occasions, thus many other European social democratic parties showed their interest or applause. Temporarily, it has sweeping impact. Theorists showed much attention to it. Scholars at home and abroad started the research on issues such as its basic content, related policy and forming backdrop, and gained some achievements on it. On the base of previous achievements, this dissertation systematically states the forming process, managing concepts and policy of it, study reasons of its emerging form many perspectives, make evaluation on the terms of its substance, effects, and also its position in European social democratic parties reforming by using the method of integration, comparison, induction.This dissertation consists of four parts as following:Part one explores the forming process of " Third way ". Although " Third way " put forward in 1997, it experiences a long process to act as modern theory and policy of Labour party. During 1950’s, the rise of revisionism is the starting point of modernization of Labour party. During 1980’s and 1990’s, modern reform developed into a continuous process under the leadership of Kinnnock and Smith. Some thoughts have been growing up, such as the possession system, state and market. The late of 1990’s, Blair got a breakthrough of modernization of Labour, party, further more popularized and practised it under the name of " Third way ".Part two states the managing concepts and policy of" Third way ". Since Labour party came into power, it carried through extensive reform based on " Third way ", which contained the follows: developing new-mixed economy balanced between intervention and laissez-faire, reforming financial and tax policy, propping up small and middle-small enterprises, promoting knowledge-oriented economy; composing the welfare policy,practicing welfare reform of major idea that " serve for those being able to work, insure for those not being able to work "; constructing a new type democratic country, implementing constitution of topic for devolution; canonizing the globe governance, putting forward " new internationalism ", emphasizing diplomacy of human right, carrying out all-round diplomacy.Part three analyses reasons of emerging of" Third way ". Since 1950’s, Labour party confronted many crises. It was out of office 18 years continuously after the year of 1997. In order to gain power, Labour party sought for approaches of reform, thus " Third way "came out. At the same time, the winning of Thatherism in the whole period of 1980’s, destroyed the old thoughts and organized foundation, reformed the Britain society profoundly, but it also had negative effects, which provided space for " Third way ". In 1990’s, many changes took place, such as the upheaval in Soviet Union, the end of Cold War, the speed development of globalization and technology revolution. Contemporarily, these changes raised many problems unsolved by the traditional polity, and these problems also offered space for the emerging of" Third way ".Part four makes evaluation on " Third way ". Firstly, " Third way " reflects right deviation of Labour party, symbolizes the consensus politics of new round in the Britain, which is not equal to consistence politics. The essential distinction on terms of property and tradition between Labour party and Conservation party determines that Labour party can’t turn into a new Neo-liberalism party. Secondly, " Third way " has good effects, especially in promoting economy. But due to the complexity of many issues and the pragmatism consideration of Labour party on many questions, there exists many question need to solve. Thirdly, in the reform of right-leaning property in the recent years, because of theorization, deep influence, more successful implement of " T

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  本文關(guān)鍵詞：“第三條道路”述評，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。