顆�；鞈乙狠椛涮匦詤�(shù)測量方法研究
發(fā)布時間：2019-06-20 03:51
【摘要】：顆粒態(tài)材料可以彌散在氣體、液體及固體中,從而形成氣溶膠、顆�；鞈乙杭肮腆w復合材料。以微納米流體及生物細胞混懸液為代表的顆�；鞈乙涸谔柲芾�、微藻能源、生物檢測等方面有重要應用。顆�；鞈乙旱妮椛涮匦詤�(shù)是進行相關熱輻射傳輸分析及光場分析的基礎物性參數(shù)。顆�；鞈乙旱妮椛涮匦詤�(shù)可以通過電磁理論及實驗測量方法進行研究,但由于顆粒形貌及顆粒內(nèi)部結(jié)構的復雜性和不確定性,理論研究方法很難為工程問題提供準確數(shù)據(jù)。在實驗研究方面,由于粒子間的多重散射效應、盛裝容器折射率與液體介質(zhì)折射率不相同引起的多重界面反射效應以及粒子散射與界面反射的耦合作用,使得顆粒混懸液輻射特性的準確測量面臨諸多困難。目前,顆�；鞈乙狠椛涮匦詤�(shù)的精確測量方法還有待進一步研究。本文針對顆�；鞈乙狠椛涮匦缘木_測量方法開展研究,通過分析影響混懸液輻射特性測量準確性的因素,發(fā)展顆�；鞈乙后w系,包括窗口材料、基液及顆粒輻射特性的精確測量方法,并搭建實驗系統(tǒng)對典型顆�；鞈乙后w系的輻射特性參數(shù)進行實驗研究。主要工作包括:作為顆粒混懸液測試器皿的窗口材料的工作波段一般要求有高透過率,現(xiàn)有方法難以精確測得弱吸收波段高透窗口材料的光學常數(shù),而其光學常數(shù)的精確性會直接影響到顆�；鞈乙狠椛涮匦缘臏y量精度。本文提出一種新的測量高透窗口材料光學常數(shù)的雙光程透射與橢偏聯(lián)合法,此方法克服了兩種方法各自的缺點。當材料吸收非常弱時,橢偏法不能精確獲得其光學常數(shù);雙光程透射法適用于測量弱吸收材料的光學常數(shù),但是對于反演得到折射指數(shù)和吸收指數(shù)存在兩組不同的解,其中只有一組是正解。在雙光程透射與橢偏聯(lián)合法中,橢偏法測量高透窗口材料的光學常數(shù)作為雙光程透射法反演計算中的初始值,此方式可確保該方法獲得正確解。用氟化鋇材料來驗證雙光程透射與橢偏聯(lián)合法,結(jié)果證實該方法可以獲得可靠和高精度的高透窗口材料光學常數(shù)。應用該方法測量獲得了高透波段氟化鋇、氟化鈣、氟化鎂、硒化鋅和硫化鋅五種窗口材料不同溫度下的光學常數(shù)。顆�；鞈乙旱幕阂话闶侨跷战橘|(zhì),獲得基液的光學常數(shù)是進一步分析顆粒輻射特性的重要參數(shù)。因?qū)τ嬎隳Ｐ瓦M行簡化,現(xiàn)有測量方法難以精確獲得其數(shù)值。本文建立玻璃-液體介質(zhì)-玻璃三層介質(zhì)模型,充分考慮了三層介質(zhì)間多次透射及反射的影響,提出一種能夠測量弱吸收波段液體介質(zhì)光學常數(shù)的改進雙光程透射法。以水為驗證介質(zhì),通過對其折射指數(shù)和吸收指數(shù)的測量數(shù)據(jù)分析,實驗結(jié)果說明該方法在所測波段范圍內(nèi)可以得到較高精度的結(jié)果。將提出的方法應用于NaCl溶液及食用油在可見光及近紅外波段的光學常數(shù)的研究。對不同濃度的NaCl溶液的光學常數(shù)的測量及分析表明,NaCl溶液的吸收指數(shù)在低吸收波段內(nèi)隨著NaCl濃度的增加而增加,但在高吸收波段其吸收指數(shù)沒有明顯的變化。不同種類植物油吸收指數(shù)在低吸收波段存在較顯著差別,因此對吸收指數(shù)的分析可用于植物油種類的辨別。顆粒混懸液光譜衰減系數(shù)的傳統(tǒng)測量方法中所使用的光學模型并沒有充分考慮空氣/器皿和液體/器皿界面引起的介質(zhì)內(nèi)高階透射及反射過程,而高階項引起的誤差會隨著兩相鄰界面折射指數(shù)差值的增加而增大。通過對傳統(tǒng)測量方法所使用的光學模型存在的問題進行深入分析,本文給出一種測量粒子混懸液光譜衰減特性的改進透射法,并與傳統(tǒng)透射法的性能進行了對比分析,同時討論了顆粒前向散射對光譜衰減特性測量的影響。改進透射法使用了更準確的光學模型,充分考慮了容器及介質(zhì)界面引起的高階透射項,因而與傳統(tǒng)透射法相比具有更高的測量精度。傳統(tǒng)透射法的測量精度隨著混懸液光學厚度的減小而降低,此時由介質(zhì)界面的多次反射引起的高階透射項不能忽略。使用已知光學常數(shù)和粒徑分布的二氧化硅標準粒子進行實驗驗證可知,由改進透射法測量得到的光譜衰減特性數(shù)據(jù)與LorenzMie理論計算值吻合很好,對不同粒徑顆粒的混懸液光譜衰減系數(shù)的測量均具有較高精度。該方法可以有效應用于微納米顆粒混懸液,如納米流體的光譜衰減特性的測量。微藻細胞混懸液為一種典型的生物顆�；鞈乙�,能源微藻的輻射特性參數(shù)是求解光生物反應器輻射強度分布進而進行局部光照環(huán)境分析的必要參數(shù)。本文對一種淡水微藻(淡水小球藻)和三種海生微藻(海生擬球藻、橢球藻和杜氏鹽藻)及培養(yǎng)基在紫外、可見光和近紅外波段的輻射特性進行了實驗研究。在所研究波段范圍內(nèi)四種微藻的衰減截面隨著波長增大而減小,且測得的光譜衰減截面不依賴于藻細胞濃度。海生擬球藻、橢球藻和杜氏鹽藻混懸液的衰減系數(shù)在300~1350 nm波段隨微藻濃度的增加而增大,但在1350~1800 nm波段則沒有明顯的變化。由于現(xiàn)有非浸入式測量方法常常忽略器皿/樣本與器皿/空氣界面產(chǎn)生的多次反射的影響,因此顆�；鞈乙荷⑸湎嗪瘮�(shù)往往難以準確測量。本文給出了一種可方便獲得粒子混懸液散射相函數(shù)的測量方法,該方法可消除測量器皿的影響。通過測量已知光學常數(shù)和粒徑分布的標準粒子散射光強分布,并與Lorenz-Mie理論值對比得到每個散射角度的修正系數(shù),將此系數(shù)去修正其它待測量粒子混懸液的散射相函數(shù)。用該修正系數(shù)修正已知光學常數(shù)和粒徑分布的聚苯乙烯標準粒子可知,經(jīng)修正后其散射相函數(shù)實驗測量值與Lorenz-Mie理論值吻合較好。結(jié)果表明此方法可明顯提高粒子散射相函數(shù)的測量精度。
[Abstract]:The particulate material may be dispersed in a gas, a liquid, and a solid to form an aerosol, a particle suspension, and a solid composite. The particle suspension represented by the micro-nano fluid and the biological cell suspension has important application in the aspects of solar energy utilization, micro-algae energy, biological detection and the like. The radiation characteristic parameters of the particle suspension are the basic physical parameters of the correlation heat radiation transmission analysis and the light field analysis. The radiation characteristic parameters of the particle suspension can be studied by the electromagnetic theory and the experimental measurement method, but due to the particle morphology and the complexity and uncertainty of the internal structure of the particles, the theoretical research method is difficult to provide accurate data for engineering problems. In the aspect of experimental research, due to the multiple scattering effect between the particles, the refractive index of the container and the refractive index of the liquid medium are not the same, and the coupling effect of the particle scattering and the interface reflection is different, so that the accurate measurement of the radiation characteristics of the particle suspension faces many difficulties. At present, the method for precise measurement of the radiation characteristic parameters of the particle suspension is to be further studied. In this paper, an accurate measurement method for the radiation characteristics of the particle suspension is carried out. By analyzing the factors affecting the accuracy of the measurement of the radiation characteristics of the suspension, the particle suspension liquid system is developed, including the measuring method of the window material, the base liquid and the particle radiation characteristic. The radiation characteristic parameters of a typical particle suspension liquid system were experimentally studied. the main work comprises that the working band of the window material serving as a particle suspension test vessel is generally required to have a high transmittance, and the prior method is difficult to accurately measure the optical constant of the high-permeability window material of the weak absorption band, And the accuracy of its optical constants will directly affect the accuracy of the measurement of the radiation characteristics of the particle suspension. In this paper, a new two-path transmission and ellipsometry method for measuring the optical constants of high-permeability window materials is proposed, which overcomes the disadvantages of the two methods. When the material absorption is very weak, the ellipsometry can not get its optical constant accurately; the two-path transmission method is suitable for measuring the optical constant of the weak absorbing material, but there are two groups of different solutions to the inversion to obtain the refractive index and the absorption index, and only one group is positive solution. In the method of double-optical path transmission and ellipsometry, the optical constant of the high-permeability window material is measured by the ellipsometry as the initial value in the inversion calculation of the double-optical path transmission method, and the method can ensure that the method can obtain the correct solution. The method of double optical path transmission and ellipsometry is verified by using the material of fluoride, and the results show that the method can obtain the optical constants of high-transparent window material with high reliability and high precision. The optical constants of five kinds of window materials with high permeability, such as calcium fluoride, calcium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, zinc selenide and zinc sulfide, were measured by this method. The base liquid of the particle suspension is generally a weak absorption medium, and the optical constant of the obtained base liquid is an important parameter for further analyzing the radiation characteristics of the particles. As a result of the simplification of the calculation model, the existing measurement method is difficult to obtain the numerical value accurately. In this paper, a glass-liquid medium-glass three-layer medium model is established, and the influence of multiple transmission and reflection among the three-layer medium is fully considered, and an improved double-optical path transmission method capable of measuring the optical constant of the liquid medium in the weak absorption band is proposed. Based on the data analysis of the refractive index and the absorption index of the medium, the experimental results show that the method can obtain the results with higher accuracy in the range of the measured wave band. The proposed method is applied to the study of the optical constants of NaCl solution and edible oil in the visible and near-infrared bands. The measurement and analysis of the optical constants of NaCl solution with different concentration showed that the absorption index of NaCl solution increased with the increase of NaCl concentration in the low absorption band, but there was no significant change in the absorption index of the high absorption band. The different kinds of vegetable oil absorption index have a significant difference in the low absorption band, so the analysis of the absorption index can be used for the identification of the vegetable oil species. the optical model used in the conventional measuring method of the spectral attenuation coefficient of the particle suspension does not take full account of the high-order transmission and reflection process in the medium caused by the air/ vessel and the liquid/ vessel interface, And the error caused by the high-order term increases with the increase of the refractive index difference of the two adjacent interfaces. Through in-depth analysis of the problems of the optical model used in the traditional measuring method, this paper presents an improved transmission method for measuring the spectral attenuation characteristic of the particle suspension, and compared with the traditional transmission method. The influence of the forward scattering of the particles on the measurement of the spectral attenuation characteristics is also discussed. The improved transmission method uses a more accurate optical model, and the high-order transmission term caused by the interface of the container and the medium is fully taken into account, so that the improved transmission method has higher measurement accuracy compared with the conventional transmission method. The measurement accuracy of the traditional transmission method decreases with the decrease of the optical thickness of the suspension, and the high-order transmission term caused by multiple reflection of the medium interface cannot be ignored. The experimental results show that the spectral attenuation characteristic data obtained by the improved transmission method is in good agreement with that of the LorenzMie theory, and the measurement of the spectral attenuation coefficient of the suspension of different particle size particles has high accuracy. The method can be used for the measurement of the spectral attenuation characteristics of a micro-nano-particle suspension, such as a nanofluid. The micro-algae cell suspension is a typical biological particle suspension, and the radiation characteristic parameter of the energy micro-algae is the necessary parameter to solve the radiation intensity distribution of the photobioreactor and to analyze the local illumination environment. In this paper, the radiation characteristics of a kind of freshwater microalgae (freshwater chlorella) and three kinds of marine microalgae (Haematococcus pluvialis, ellipsoidal and Dunaliella sp.) and the culture medium in the ultraviolet, visible and near-infrared bands have been studied. The attenuation cross-section of the four micro-algae in the range of the studied band decreases with the increase of the wavelength, and the measured spectral attenuation cross-section does not depend on the cell concentration of the algae. The attenuation coefficient of the suspension of Haematococcus pluvialis, the ellipsoidal and the Dunaliella salina increases with the increase of the concentration of the micro-algae in the wavelength band of 300-1350 nm, but there is no significant change in the wavelength band of 1350-1800 nm. Since the prior non-immersion measurement method often ignores the effects of multiple reflections generated by the vessel/ sample and the vessel/ air interface, the particle suspension scattering phase function is often difficult to measure accurately. This paper presents a method for measuring the scattering phase function of a particle suspension, which can eliminate the influence of the measuring vessel. The scattering phase function of the suspension of the particle to be measured is corrected by measuring the intensity distribution of scattered light of the standard particles with known optical constants and particle size distribution, and comparing with the theoretical value of Lorenz-Mie to obtain the correction coefficient of each scattering angle. The modified coefficient is used to correct the known optical constants and the particle size distribution of the polystyrene standard particles. The experimental results of the modified scattering phase function agree well with the theoretical value of Lorenz-Mie. The results show that the method can obviously improve the measurement accuracy of the particle scattering phase function.
【學位授予單位】：哈爾濱工業(yè)大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：TB303
[Abstract]:The particulate material may be dispersed in a gas, a liquid, and a solid to form an aerosol, a particle suspension, and a solid composite. The particle suspension represented by the micro-nano fluid and the biological cell suspension has important application in the aspects of solar energy utilization, micro-algae energy, biological detection and the like. The radiation characteristic parameters of the particle suspension are the basic physical parameters of the correlation heat radiation transmission analysis and the light field analysis. The radiation characteristic parameters of the particle suspension can be studied by the electromagnetic theory and the experimental measurement method, but due to the particle morphology and the complexity and uncertainty of the internal structure of the particles, the theoretical research method is difficult to provide accurate data for engineering problems. In the aspect of experimental research, due to the multiple scattering effect between the particles, the refractive index of the container and the refractive index of the liquid medium are not the same, and the coupling effect of the particle scattering and the interface reflection is different, so that the accurate measurement of the radiation characteristics of the particle suspension faces many difficulties. At present, the method for precise measurement of the radiation characteristic parameters of the particle suspension is to be further studied. In this paper, an accurate measurement method for the radiation characteristics of the particle suspension is carried out. By analyzing the factors affecting the accuracy of the measurement of the radiation characteristics of the suspension, the particle suspension liquid system is developed, including the measuring method of the window material, the base liquid and the particle radiation characteristic. The radiation characteristic parameters of a typical particle suspension liquid system were experimentally studied. the main work comprises that the working band of the window material serving as a particle suspension test vessel is generally required to have a high transmittance, and the prior method is difficult to accurately measure the optical constant of the high-permeability window material of the weak absorption band, And the accuracy of its optical constants will directly affect the accuracy of the measurement of the radiation characteristics of the particle suspension. In this paper, a new two-path transmission and ellipsometry method for measuring the optical constants of high-permeability window materials is proposed, which overcomes the disadvantages of the two methods. When the material absorption is very weak, the ellipsometry can not get its optical constant accurately; the two-path transmission method is suitable for measuring the optical constant of the weak absorbing material, but there are two groups of different solutions to the inversion to obtain the refractive index and the absorption index, and only one group is positive solution. In the method of double-optical path transmission and ellipsometry, the optical constant of the high-permeability window material is measured by the ellipsometry as the initial value in the inversion calculation of the double-optical path transmission method, and the method can ensure that the method can obtain the correct solution. The method of double optical path transmission and ellipsometry is verified by using the material of fluoride, and the results show that the method can obtain the optical constants of high-transparent window material with high reliability and high precision. The optical constants of five kinds of window materials with high permeability, such as calcium fluoride, calcium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, zinc selenide and zinc sulfide, were measured by this method. The base liquid of the particle suspension is generally a weak absorption medium, and the optical constant of the obtained base liquid is an important parameter for further analyzing the radiation characteristics of the particles. As a result of the simplification of the calculation model, the existing measurement method is difficult to obtain the numerical value accurately. In this paper, a glass-liquid medium-glass three-layer medium model is established, and the influence of multiple transmission and reflection among the three-layer medium is fully considered, and an improved double-optical path transmission method capable of measuring the optical constant of the liquid medium in the weak absorption band is proposed. Based on the data analysis of the refractive index and the absorption index of the medium, the experimental results show that the method can obtain the results with higher accuracy in the range of the measured wave band. The proposed method is applied to the study of the optical constants of NaCl solution and edible oil in the visible and near-infrared bands. The measurement and analysis of the optical constants of NaCl solution with different concentration showed that the absorption index of NaCl solution increased with the increase of NaCl concentration in the low absorption band, but there was no significant change in the absorption index of the high absorption band. The different kinds of vegetable oil absorption index have a significant difference in the low absorption band, so the analysis of the absorption index can be used for the identification of the vegetable oil species. the optical model used in the conventional measuring method of the spectral attenuation coefficient of the particle suspension does not take full account of the high-order transmission and reflection process in the medium caused by the air/ vessel and the liquid/ vessel interface, And the error caused by the high-order term increases with the increase of the refractive index difference of the two adjacent interfaces. Through in-depth analysis of the problems of the optical model used in the traditional measuring method, this paper presents an improved transmission method for measuring the spectral attenuation characteristic of the particle suspension, and compared with the traditional transmission method. The influence of the forward scattering of the particles on the measurement of the spectral attenuation characteristics is also discussed. The improved transmission method uses a more accurate optical model, and the high-order transmission term caused by the interface of the container and the medium is fully taken into account, so that the improved transmission method has higher measurement accuracy compared with the conventional transmission method. The measurement accuracy of the traditional transmission method decreases with the decrease of the optical thickness of the suspension, and the high-order transmission term caused by multiple reflection of the medium interface cannot be ignored. The experimental results show that the spectral attenuation characteristic data obtained by the improved transmission method is in good agreement with that of the LorenzMie theory, and the measurement of the spectral attenuation coefficient of the suspension of different particle size particles has high accuracy. The method can be used for the measurement of the spectral attenuation characteristics of a micro-nano-particle suspension, such as a nanofluid. The micro-algae cell suspension is a typical biological particle suspension, and the radiation characteristic parameter of the energy micro-algae is the necessary parameter to solve the radiation intensity distribution of the photobioreactor and to analyze the local illumination environment. In this paper, the radiation characteristics of a kind of freshwater microalgae (freshwater chlorella) and three kinds of marine microalgae (Haematococcus pluvialis, ellipsoidal and Dunaliella sp.) and the culture medium in the ultraviolet, visible and near-infrared bands have been studied. The attenuation cross-section of the four micro-algae in the range of the studied band decreases with the increase of the wavelength, and the measured spectral attenuation cross-section does not depend on the cell concentration of the algae. The attenuation coefficient of the suspension of Haematococcus pluvialis, the ellipsoidal and the Dunaliella salina increases with the increase of the concentration of the micro-algae in the wavelength band of 300-1350 nm, but there is no significant change in the wavelength band of 1350-1800 nm. Since the prior non-immersion measurement method often ignores the effects of multiple reflections generated by the vessel/ sample and the vessel/ air interface, the particle suspension scattering phase function is often difficult to measure accurately. This paper presents a method for measuring the scattering phase function of a particle suspension, which can eliminate the influence of the measuring vessel. The scattering phase function of the suspension of the particle to be measured is corrected by measuring the intensity distribution of scattered light of the standard particles with known optical constants and particle size distribution, and comparing with the theoretical value of Lorenz-Mie to obtain the correction coefficient of each scattering angle. The modified coefficient is used to correct the known optical constants and the particle size distribution of the polystyrene standard particles. The experimental results of the modified scattering phase function agree well with the theoretical value of Lorenz-Mie. The results show that the method can obviously improve the measurement accuracy of the particle scattering phase function.
【學位授予單位】：哈爾濱工業(yè)大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：TB303
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2 武幼剛;;國外從腸衣鹽浸出液中提取肝素8例[J];臟器生化制藥;1983年02期
3 趙京浦;湯建民;;5-氯-1-基萘磺酰氯的制備[J];化學試劑;1993年03期
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