【摘要】：稠油是世界油氣資源的重要組成部分,現(xiàn)代社會對能源的需求和消耗越來越大,石油儲量特別是輕質(zhì)原油儲量正迅速減少,而稠油資源相對豐富,未來社會對石油的需求將由稠油來滿足。稠油的組成比較復(fù)雜,含有大量的蠟質(zhì)、膠質(zhì)和瀝青質(zhì),導(dǎo)致其具有凝點(diǎn)高、粘度大、流動性差的特點(diǎn),開采和運(yùn)輸困難大、成本高。因此降低稠油粘度,增強(qiáng)稠油流動性成為近年來油田化學(xué)研究的熱點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)問題。化學(xué)降粘劑降粘法以其加量少、耗能低、操作簡單、無后處理程序等優(yōu)點(diǎn)被認(rèn)為是解決稠油開采和輸送問題最有前途的方法。納米材料降粘劑是一種新型化學(xué)降粘劑,它能依靠其自身特殊的納米效應(yīng),改變稠油中蠟質(zhì)的結(jié)晶行為和膠質(zhì)、瀝青質(zhì)的聚集方式,從而提高稠油的低溫流動性,對于高蠟稠油效果更為突出。采用硅烷偶聯(lián)劑KH550和十八酸在溶劑乙醇中對納米Si02進(jìn)行兩步表面改性,制備了納米KH550-C18/SiO2復(fù)合材料降粘劑。以接枝率為評價指標(biāo),通過實(shí)驗確定最佳改性劑用量為：KH550和十八酸用量分別為Si02質(zhì)量的16%和20%。為進(jìn)一步提高納米復(fù)合材料中有機(jī)成分的含量,并且引入強(qiáng)極性基團(tuán),以硅烷偶聯(lián)劑KH570、甲基丙烯酸十八酯和丙烯酰胺為接枝單體在納米Si02表面引發(fā)接枝共聚反應(yīng),制備了納米PSMA-AM/SiO2復(fù)合材料降粘劑。通過紅外光譜(FT-IR)、熱重分析(TG)、透射電鏡(TEM)、掃描電鏡(SEM)以及接觸角測試等手段對兩種復(fù)合材料的結(jié)構(gòu)和性質(zhì)進(jìn)行分析表征。結(jié)果表明,經(jīng)兩種方法改性后,納米Si02表面都由親水性變?yōu)槭杷?聚集程度降低,在有機(jī)溶劑中表現(xiàn)出良好的分散穩(wěn)定性,其中,納米PSMA-AM/SiO2復(fù)合材料的接枝率更高,與水的接觸角更大。以大慶高蠟稠油為研究對象,測試了油溶性降粘劑EVA及本研究合成的兩種納米復(fù)合材料降粘劑的降粘效果,改變溫度和加入量,探究其對降粘率的影響。隨加入量增大,降粘率先升高后基本保持不變,略有下降趨勢。納米KH550-C18/SiO2在最佳加量600ppm時,能使稠油的析蠟點(diǎn)降低3.6℃,40℃的表觀降粘率為66.91%,凈降粘率為40.32%,納米PSMA-AM/SiO2在最佳加量400ppm時能使析蠟點(diǎn)降低5.5℃,在40℃表觀降粘率為72.1%,凈降粘率為48.86%。兩種納米復(fù)合材料的降粘效果都優(yōu)于EVA,納米PSMA-AM/SiO2由于有機(jī)成分的含量更高,極性更強(qiáng),所以性能更為優(yōu)異。三種降粘劑的降粘率都隨溫度升高而下降,EVA下降速度最快,在60℃時僅為19%,而納米復(fù)合材料降粘劑在稍高溫區(qū)50℃-60℃時,仍能保持凈降粘率在30%以上。對納米復(fù)合材料降粘劑的降粘機(jī)理進(jìn)行了探究和分析：納米顆粒利用特殊的表面效應(yīng)能夠作為成核點(diǎn)吸附蠟質(zhì)在表面結(jié)晶、析出,改變蠟質(zhì)的結(jié)晶行為,破壞蠟晶原有的三維網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu)；同時納米顆粒表面所引入的強(qiáng)極性基團(tuán)通過氫鍵作用吸附膠質(zhì)、瀝青質(zhì)在其表面形成溶劑化層,溶劑化層的存在既能阻止蠟晶之間連接形成網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu),又能拆散原稠油體系中膠質(zhì)和瀝青質(zhì)的平面重疊堆砌結(jié)構(gòu),從而使稠油粘度大幅降低。
[Abstract]:Heavy oil is an important part of the world's oil and gas resources. The demand and consumption of energy in modern society is increasing. The reserves of oil, especially light crude oil, are decreasing rapidly. Heavy oil resources are relatively rich. The demand for oil in the future society will be met by heavy oil. The composition of heavy oil is relatively complex and contains a lot of wax, gum and leach. It is difficult to recover and transport heavy oil because of its high solidification point, high viscosity and poor fluidity. Therefore, reducing viscosity and enhancing fluidity of heavy oil have become hot and difficult problems in recent years. Nano-material viscosity reducer is a new kind of chemical viscosity reducer. It can change the crystallization behavior of wax in heavy oil and the aggregation mode of gum and asphaltene depending on its own special nano-effect, so as to improve the low-temperature fluidity of heavy oil, especially for high-wax heavy oil. Nano-KH550-C18/SiO2 composite viscosity reducer was prepared by two-step surface modification of nano-Si02 with silane coupling agent KH550 and octadecanoic acid in solvent ethanol. The optimum dosage of the modifier was determined by experiment as 16% and 20% of the mass of Si02 respectively with the grafting rate as the evaluation index. Nano-PSMA-AM/SiO2 viscosity reducer was prepared by graft copolymerization of silane coupling agent KH570, octadecyl methacrylate and acrylamide onto the surface of nano-Si02, and the content of organic components in nano-SiO2 composite was introduced. The viscosity reducer was prepared by FT-IR, TG and TEM. The results showed that the surface of nano-Si02 changed from hydrophilic to hydrophobic, and the degree of aggregation decreased. The nano-PSMA-AM/SiO2 composites exhibited good dispersion stability in organic solvents. The viscosity reduction effect of oil-soluble viscosity reducer EVA and two kinds of nano-composite viscosity reducers synthesized in this study were tested. The effect of temperature and addition on viscosity reduction rate was studied. With the increase of addition, viscosity reduction rate increased first and then remained unchanged. At the optimum dosage of 600 ppm, nano-KH550-C18/SiO2 can reduce the wax precipitation point of heavy oil by 3.6 C, the apparent viscosity reduction rate at 40 C is 66.91%, the net viscosity reduction rate is 40.32%, the nano-PSMA-AM/SiO2 can reduce the wax precipitation point by 5.5 C at the optimum dosage of 400 ppm, the apparent viscosity reduction rate at 40 C is 72.1%, and the net viscosity reduction rate is 48.86%. The viscosity reduction rate of the three kinds of viscosity reducers decreased with the increase of temperature, and the EVA decreased fastest, only 19% at 60 C, while the nanocomposite viscosity reducer still maintained a net drop at a slightly high temperature range of 50 60 C. The viscosity reduction mechanism of nanocomposites was studied and analyzed. Nanoparticles could be used as nucleation point to absorb wax on the surface and crystallize, precipitate, change the crystallization behavior of wax, destroy the original three-dimensional network structure of wax. At the same time, the introduction of strong poles on the surface of nanoparticles. The group adsorbs the gum through hydrogen bonding, and the asphaltene forms a solvation layer on its surface. The existence of the solvation layer not only prevents the connection between wax crystals to form a network structure, but also dismantles the planar overlapping structure of gum and asphaltene in the original heavy oil system, thus greatly reducing the viscosity of heavy oil.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：TB332

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本文編號：2244494