【摘要】：化工行業(yè)在我國國民經(jīng)濟(jì)中占有重要的地位,但由于生產(chǎn)工藝復(fù)雜、涉及物料危險(xiǎn)性大、操作條件特殊等原因,化工生產(chǎn)過程中極易發(fā)生火災(zāi)、爆炸、中毒等重大工業(yè)事故,以至造成大量的人員傷亡、財(cái)產(chǎn)損失和環(huán)境污染,因此開展化工過程的安全控制研究具有重要的理論價(jià)值和現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。選擇有代表性的化工過程——甲醇精餾為典型,建立了基于危險(xiǎn)性分析和評價(jià)的化工過程安全控制模式：通過危險(xiǎn)和可操作性分析(]3AZOP)、化工過程安全模擬完善工藝過程本質(zhì)安全設(shè)計(jì),根據(jù)防護(hù)層分析和防護(hù)層有效性評判恰當(dāng)?shù)剡x擇防護(hù)層,實(shí)現(xiàn)化工過程的安全控制。根據(jù)化工工藝過程的本質(zhì)安全設(shè)計(jì)理念,運(yùn)用危險(xiǎn)和可操作性分析(HAZOP)進(jìn)行工藝過程的危險(xiǎn)性分析,找出潛在的危險(xiǎn)源以及影響工藝過程安全的重要工藝參數(shù),為控制危險(xiǎn)源進(jìn)行本質(zhì)安全設(shè)計(jì)提供依據(jù)。在HAZOP分析的基礎(chǔ)上,利用化工過程模擬技術(shù)考察工藝過程中關(guān)鍵裝置內(nèi)的溫度、流量、壓力、氣液組成等關(guān)鍵工藝參數(shù)對工藝過程安全的影響,使傳統(tǒng)的基于經(jīng)驗(yàn)判斷的危險(xiǎn)性分析和本質(zhì)安全設(shè)計(jì)定量化,指導(dǎo)從工藝過程安全控制方面進(jìn)一步完善本質(zhì)安全設(shè)計(jì)。建立了基于化工事故統(tǒng)計(jì)分析的化工過程可接受危險(xiǎn)函數(shù),探討了化工事故死亡人數(shù)與事故發(fā)生概率之間的關(guān)系,提出了結(jié)合事故后果評估確定工藝過程中具有潛在火災(zāi)、爆炸、中毒等嚴(yán)重后果事故場景的可接受危險(xiǎn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的方法。在本質(zhì)安全設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)上合理地選擇防護(hù)層,進(jìn)一步降低過程危險(xiǎn)性。運(yùn)用防護(hù)層分析(LOPA)方法分析工藝過程中具有潛在火災(zāi)、爆炸、中毒等嚴(yán)重后果的事故場景的防護(hù)措施時(shí),提出了通過考查各防護(hù)層的允許故障概率PFD來計(jì)算事故后果發(fā)生概率MP,并將MP與可接受危險(xiǎn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)TP相比較來評判防護(hù)系統(tǒng)的有效性的方法,彌補(bǔ)了現(xiàn)有LOPA方法中的不足。重大事故應(yīng)急是防護(hù)層的最后一層,提高重大事故應(yīng)急能力是過程安全控制的最后一道防線。建立了基于層次分析法(AHP)的重大事故應(yīng)急能力評價(jià)指標(biāo)體系,利用模糊綜合評價(jià)方法對重大事故應(yīng)急能力進(jìn)行評價(jià),解決了重大事故應(yīng)急的防護(hù)功能量化的問題,使得工藝過程的防護(hù)層分析更加完整。提出了根據(jù)化工過程安全控制模式開展化工過程危險(xiǎn)性評價(jià),通過危險(xiǎn)降低因子來衡量化工過程危險(xiǎn)性的理念和方法。
[Abstract]:The chemical industry plays an important role in the national economy of our country. However, due to the complex production process, high risk of materials involved, special operating conditions and other reasons, the chemical industry is prone to fire, explosion, poisoning and other major industrial accidents. Even caused a lot of casualties, property losses and environmental pollution, it is of great theoretical value and practical significance to study the safety control of chemical process. The representative chemical process, methanol distillation, is selected as a typical example. The safety control model of chemical process based on hazard analysis and evaluation is established. Through hazard and maneuverability analysis (3AZOP), chemical process safety simulation is used to perfect the essential safety design of chemical process. According to the analysis of the protective layer and the evaluation of the effectiveness of the protective layer, the protective layer is properly selected to realize the safety control of the chemical process. According to the concept of essential safety design of chemical process, (HAZOP) is used to analyze the risk of process, and the potential hazard source and important process parameters affecting the safety of process are found out. It provides the basis for the essential safety design for controlling the hazard source. On the basis of HAZOP analysis, the influence of key process parameters, such as temperature, flow rate, pressure and gas-liquid composition, on process safety was investigated by chemical process simulation technology. The traditional risk analysis based on experience judgment and the quantification of the essential safety design can guide the improvement of the essential safety design from the aspect of process safety control. The acceptable hazard function of chemical process based on statistical analysis of chemical accidents is established. The relationship between the number of deaths and the probability of accidents is discussed, and the potential fire in the process is determined by combining the assessment of accident consequences. An acceptable hazard standard for scenarios of serious consequences such as explosion, poisoning, etc. On the basis of intrinsically safe design, reasonable selection of protective layer can further reduce the process risk. When using the protective layer analysis (LOPA) method to analyze the protective measures of the accident scene with potential fire, explosion, poisoning and other serious consequences in the process, This paper presents a method to evaluate the effectiveness of the protective system by checking the allowable failure probability PFD of each protective layer to calculate the probability MP, of the accident consequence and compare the MP with the acceptable hazard standard TP to make up for the shortcomings of the existing LOPA methods. The critical accident emergency is the last layer of the protective layer, and the improvement of the emergency capability is the last line of defense for the process safety control. The evaluation index system of critical accident emergency response ability based on AHP (AHP) is established. The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is used to evaluate the critical accident emergency response ability, and the problem of quantifying the protection function of major accident emergency response is solved. The protective layer analysis of the process is more complete. The idea and method of risk assessment of chemical process according to the safety control mode of chemical process are put forward, and the risk reduction factor is used to measure the risk of chemical process.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：TQ086

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相關(guān)期刊論文 前1條

1 蓋希杰;鄧德茹;吳東;吳春華;王濤;;化工生產(chǎn)過程HAZOP安全評價(jià)技術(shù)[J];計(jì)算機(jī)與應(yīng)用化學(xué);2010年08期

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本文編號：2283224