多源氣體泄漏擴(kuò)散的實(shí)驗(yàn)及數(shù)值模擬研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-08-12 17:41
【摘要】：隨著現(xiàn)代石油化工行業(yè)的快速發(fā)展,在生產(chǎn)、使用、運(yùn)輸、貯存過(guò)程中存在大量易燃易爆、有毒有害氣體,重大事故性泄漏頻繁發(fā)生,造成了巨大的人員傷亡、經(jīng)濟(jì)損失和環(huán)境破壞。因此氣體泄漏擴(kuò)散問(wèn)題始終是國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者關(guān)心和研究的焦點(diǎn),具有重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。 然而,前人的研究多集中在單源泄漏擴(kuò)散問(wèn)題,而對(duì)于多源泄漏擴(kuò)散的研究存在著嚴(yán)重的缺失。而恰恰在實(shí)際中多源氣體泄漏卻時(shí)有發(fā)生,如當(dāng)遭受意外事故或破壞性自然災(zāi)害時(shí)都有可能導(dǎo)致多源氣體泄漏。因此本文針對(duì)多源氣體泄漏擴(kuò)散問(wèn)題進(jìn)行研究,旨在揭示多源氣體泄漏擴(kuò)散的流動(dòng)特性及其演變規(guī)律,預(yù)測(cè)它的時(shí)間空間分布特性,從而為應(yīng)急救援和疏散決策制定提供有力的理論指導(dǎo)。 本文較系統(tǒng)地從多源氣體泄漏擴(kuò)散的近場(chǎng)區(qū)域和遠(yuǎn)場(chǎng)區(qū)域兩個(gè)方面分別展開(kāi)研究。對(duì)于近場(chǎng)區(qū)域,基于相似性定理建立了小尺寸實(shí)驗(yàn)系統(tǒng),以氦氣和二氧化碳?xì)怏w分別作為輕氣和重氣的典型代表,應(yīng)用紋影和高速攝像系統(tǒng)對(duì)單源和多源輕氣、重氣射流在靜滯自由空間中的流動(dòng)開(kāi)展了實(shí)驗(yàn)研究,從而揭示了流場(chǎng)的基本特性。同時(shí),結(jié)合小尺寸實(shí)驗(yàn)建立了相應(yīng)的物理模型,通過(guò)k-ε湍流定常模擬和大渦模擬的方法對(duì)單源和多源輕氣、重氣射流隨時(shí)間演變的動(dòng)力學(xué)過(guò)程,多源間相互作用的內(nèi)在機(jī)理等進(jìn)行了數(shù)值模擬和理論分析。此外,通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)、數(shù)值模擬和理論分析方法三者相結(jié)合揭示了泄漏速率、泄漏角度、泄漏源間距以及泄漏源數(shù)目等若干因素的影響機(jī)制。 對(duì)于遠(yuǎn)場(chǎng)區(qū)域,在現(xiàn)有氣體擴(kuò)散模型的基礎(chǔ)上,修正并建立了多源氣體擴(kuò)散模型,主要通過(guò)數(shù)值模擬計(jì)算的方法對(duì)多源氣體泄漏擴(kuò)散后的濃度隨時(shí)間空間的分布特性及其事故后果進(jìn)行了預(yù)測(cè)。 在輕氣擴(kuò)散模型中,以應(yīng)用最為廣泛的高斯模型為基礎(chǔ),針對(duì)高斯模型中的不足,通過(guò)引入Briggs的羽流上升模型和地面粗糙度的定義對(duì)其進(jìn)行了修正。應(yīng)用修正的高斯模型模擬預(yù)測(cè)了單源輕氣連續(xù)泄漏和瞬時(shí)泄漏擴(kuò)散濃度隨時(shí)間空間的分布情況,結(jié)合氣體毒性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)給出了不同毒性水平下的影響區(qū)域范圍,下風(fēng)向、側(cè)風(fēng)向的最大影響距離及固定位置處濃度隨時(shí)間的變化情況等。基于修正的高斯模型發(fā)展建立了多源輕氣擴(kuò)散模型,實(shí)現(xiàn)了對(duì)多源輕氣泄漏擴(kuò)散的模擬計(jì)算。同時(shí)通過(guò)因素影響分析和因素顯著性分析還揭示了輕氣泄漏擴(kuò)散中各因素的影響規(guī)律和重要性。 在重氣擴(kuò)散模型中,通過(guò)有效性驗(yàn)證和統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析方法選擇合適的重氣擴(kuò)散模型。在將SLAB模型的模擬預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)果與現(xiàn)場(chǎng)試驗(yàn)、其它重氣模型以及真實(shí)事故案例中的結(jié)果進(jìn)行對(duì)比后,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)SLAB模型具有高度準(zhǔn)確性和可靠性。因此對(duì)SLAB模型展開(kāi)了深入研究,揭示了重氣擴(kuò)散中的影響因素及規(guī)律,同時(shí)在SLAB模型的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展了多源重氣擴(kuò)散模型,實(shí)現(xiàn)了對(duì)多源重氣泄漏擴(kuò)散的模擬計(jì)算。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of modern petrochemical industry, there are a large number of inflammable and explosive, toxic and harmful gases in the process of production, use, transportation and storage, and serious accident leaks occur frequently, resulting in huge casualties, economic losses and environmental damage. It has important practical significance.
However, most of the previous studies focused on the single-source leakage and diffusion problems, and there is a serious lack of research on the multi-source leakage and diffusion. However, it is precisely in practice that multi-source gas leakage occurs, such as when suffering from accidents or destructive natural disasters may lead to multi-source gas leakage. The purpose of this study is to reveal the flow characteristics and evolution law of multi-source gas leakage and diffusion, predict its time-space distribution characteristics, and provide a powerful theoretical guidance for emergency rescue and evacuation decision-making.
In this paper, the near-field and far-field regions of leakage and diffusion of multi-source gases are studied systematically. For the near-field region, a small-scale experimental system is established based on the similarity theorem. Helium and carbon dioxide gases are taken as the typical representatives of light and heavy gases, respectively. Schlieren and high-speed camera systems are applied to single-source and multi-source gases. Experimental studies on the flow of light and heavy gas jets in free space with static hysteresis have been carried out to reveal the basic characteristics of the flow field.Meanwhile, a corresponding physical model has been established based on small-scale experiments.The dynamic process of the single-source and multi-source light and heavy gas jets with time has been studied by k-e turbulence steady simulation and large eddy simulation. The intrinsic mechanism of source-to-source interaction is simulated and analyzed by numerical simulation and theoretical analysis. In addition, the influencing mechanism of several factors, such as leakage rate, leakage angle, leakage source spacing and the number of leakage sources, is revealed by experiment, numerical simulation and theoretical analysis.
Based on the existing gas diffusion model, the multi-source gas diffusion model is modified and established for the far-field region. The time-space distribution characteristics and accident consequences of multi-source gas leakage and diffusion are predicted by numerical simulation.
In the light gas diffusion model, based on the most widely used Gauss model, the shortcomings of the Gauss model are corrected by introducing Briggs plume rise model and the definition of ground roughness. According to the gas toxicity standard, the influence area, the downwind direction, the maximum influence distance of the cross wind direction and the change of concentration with time at the fixed position are given. At the same time, the influence law and importance of various factors in the diffusion of light gas leakage are revealed through the analysis of factor influence and factor significance.
In the heavy gas diffusion model, the appropriate heavy gas diffusion model is selected by validation and statistical analysis. After comparing the simulation results of SLAB model with the results of field test, other heavy gas models and real accident cases, it is found that SLAB model has high accuracy and reliability. Based on the SLB model, a multi-source diffusion model was developed to simulate the leakage and diffusion of multi-source heavy gas.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：X937
本文編號(hào)：2179809
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of modern petrochemical industry, there are a large number of inflammable and explosive, toxic and harmful gases in the process of production, use, transportation and storage, and serious accident leaks occur frequently, resulting in huge casualties, economic losses and environmental damage. It has important practical significance.
However, most of the previous studies focused on the single-source leakage and diffusion problems, and there is a serious lack of research on the multi-source leakage and diffusion. However, it is precisely in practice that multi-source gas leakage occurs, such as when suffering from accidents or destructive natural disasters may lead to multi-source gas leakage. The purpose of this study is to reveal the flow characteristics and evolution law of multi-source gas leakage and diffusion, predict its time-space distribution characteristics, and provide a powerful theoretical guidance for emergency rescue and evacuation decision-making.
In this paper, the near-field and far-field regions of leakage and diffusion of multi-source gases are studied systematically. For the near-field region, a small-scale experimental system is established based on the similarity theorem. Helium and carbon dioxide gases are taken as the typical representatives of light and heavy gases, respectively. Schlieren and high-speed camera systems are applied to single-source and multi-source gases. Experimental studies on the flow of light and heavy gas jets in free space with static hysteresis have been carried out to reveal the basic characteristics of the flow field.Meanwhile, a corresponding physical model has been established based on small-scale experiments.The dynamic process of the single-source and multi-source light and heavy gas jets with time has been studied by k-e turbulence steady simulation and large eddy simulation. The intrinsic mechanism of source-to-source interaction is simulated and analyzed by numerical simulation and theoretical analysis. In addition, the influencing mechanism of several factors, such as leakage rate, leakage angle, leakage source spacing and the number of leakage sources, is revealed by experiment, numerical simulation and theoretical analysis.
Based on the existing gas diffusion model, the multi-source gas diffusion model is modified and established for the far-field region. The time-space distribution characteristics and accident consequences of multi-source gas leakage and diffusion are predicted by numerical simulation.
In the light gas diffusion model, based on the most widely used Gauss model, the shortcomings of the Gauss model are corrected by introducing Briggs plume rise model and the definition of ground roughness. According to the gas toxicity standard, the influence area, the downwind direction, the maximum influence distance of the cross wind direction and the change of concentration with time at the fixed position are given. At the same time, the influence law and importance of various factors in the diffusion of light gas leakage are revealed through the analysis of factor influence and factor significance.
In the heavy gas diffusion model, the appropriate heavy gas diffusion model is selected by validation and statistical analysis. After comparing the simulation results of SLAB model with the results of field test, other heavy gas models and real accident cases, it is found that SLAB model has high accuracy and reliability. Based on the SLB model, a multi-source diffusion model was developed to simulate the leakage and diffusion of multi-source heavy gas.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：X937
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