本文選題：安全管理 + 風(fēng)險感知��； 參考：《浙江大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：技術(shù)的進(jìn)步不斷變革現(xiàn)代化的生產(chǎn)和生活方式,人們獲得了以往所不能想象的便利,但與之如影隨形的是不斷增加的風(fēng)險。由于我國正處于工業(yè)化中期的快速工業(yè)化進(jìn)程中,安全生產(chǎn)作業(yè)面臨巨大的壓力,安全生產(chǎn)風(fēng)險所導(dǎo)致的生命、財產(chǎn)損失和傷害日益成為當(dāng)今社會的焦點(diǎn),對經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和社會穩(wěn)定產(chǎn)生了巨大的影響。風(fēng)險感知是個體對存在于外界的各種客觀風(fēng)險的感受和認(rèn)識,是安全管理研究中的一個重要領(lǐng)域。風(fēng)險感知能夠直接塑造風(fēng)險行為,對風(fēng)險的感知是個體和組織風(fēng)險態(tài)度和決策行為的基礎(chǔ),不準(zhǔn)確或不適當(dāng)?shù)娘L(fēng)險感知和風(fēng)險評價給安全管理構(gòu)成了重大隱患。已有研究主要發(fā)展了風(fēng)險感知的心理測量范式和文化理論這兩種主流的理論框架,對風(fēng)險感知的特征進(jìn)行定量或定性的描述,然而已有理論框架之間還存在一定爭議,而且在不同情境或任務(wù)(尤其是具有偶然性、突發(fā)性的情境)下的普適性不足�；仡櫼延醒芯�,為了加深對風(fēng)險感知的理解,有兩個方面的問題需要解決：1)人們對風(fēng)險信息進(jìn)行感知和評估的行為和神經(jīng)機(jī)理是什么?；2)風(fēng)險感知是否會對后續(xù)的任務(wù)執(zhí)行產(chǎn)生影響,產(chǎn)生這種影響的原因是什么?為解決上述問題,本研究綜合利用問卷研究和實驗研究等方法,并且借助于事件相關(guān)電位技術(shù)(Event-related Potentials, ERPs),在三個研究中對風(fēng)險感知的認(rèn)知過程及神經(jīng)基礎(chǔ)展開探討。研究一考察了人們對現(xiàn)實作業(yè)環(huán)境的風(fēng)險感知和風(fēng)險評估過程,對風(fēng)險感知的神經(jīng)科學(xué)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行探索,并為后續(xù)兩個子研究提供了鋪墊；研究二考察了欺騙行為對風(fēng)險感知和風(fēng)險評估的影響,重點(diǎn)探討了謊報風(fēng)險的行為和神經(jīng)特征；研究三主要考察了風(fēng)險感知對任務(wù)執(zhí)行的影響機(jī)制�；谝陨先椦芯康慕Y(jié)果,本文得到以下主要結(jié)論：1)對現(xiàn)實場景的風(fēng)險感知過程可以劃分為兩個階段：一個由N1/P200反映的相對早期的、自動化的風(fēng)險探測和感知過程,以及一個由P300/LPP反映的更晚的、需要更多資源投入的風(fēng)險評估過程。2)風(fēng)險感知依賴于直覺和經(jīng)驗。在風(fēng)險感知的早期階段就出現(xiàn)了腦電成分的差異,人們在短時間內(nèi)(300ms)并沒有足夠的時間采取復(fù)雜的、理性分析的策略；此外,高風(fēng)險相比低風(fēng)險引起了更大的P300或LPP振幅,反映了對情緒體驗的提取和風(fēng)險的評價。早期快速的注意處理過程和晚期的情緒顯著性共同表明風(fēng)險感知依賴于直覺處理過程。3)欺騙行為影響風(fēng)險評價過程。將安全刺激謊報為“風(fēng)險”的難度高于將風(fēng)險刺激謊報為“安全”的難度,其原因是在資源有限的情況下,人們給風(fēng)險刺激分配更多的注意資源,從而促進(jìn)了對風(fēng)險刺激的記憶、監(jiān)控和真實反應(yīng)的抑制。該效應(yīng)不僅表現(xiàn)在行為層面(反應(yīng)時和準(zhǔn)確率),也表現(xiàn)在LPP上。4)風(fēng)險情景對西蒙效應(yīng)產(chǎn)生了調(diào)節(jié)作用,相比低風(fēng)險情形,高風(fēng)險情形減弱了西蒙效應(yīng),表明高風(fēng)險增強(qiáng)了執(zhí)行控制。當(dāng)風(fēng)險和沖突共存時,人們在沖突過程中會投入更多的注意資源,從而提升了沖突處理速度。該調(diào)節(jié)作用不僅表現(xiàn)在反應(yīng)時上,也表現(xiàn)在P300上。本研究綜合采用問卷和認(rèn)知神經(jīng)科學(xué)實驗研究方法,在研究方法上做出了新的嘗試,對風(fēng)險感知的形成機(jī)制進(jìn)行了深化,并在神經(jīng)管理學(xué)領(lǐng)域?qū)崿F(xiàn)了研究主題的拓展,具有一定的創(chuàng)新性。本研究的理論貢獻(xiàn)和創(chuàng)新點(diǎn)主要表現(xiàn)在：1)將風(fēng)險感知的研究擴(kuò)展到現(xiàn)實環(huán)境中,深入考察了對現(xiàn)實作業(yè)環(huán)境的風(fēng)險感知,為已有研究的理論發(fā)現(xiàn)形成了重要延伸。2)通過神經(jīng)科學(xué)實驗研究方法為風(fēng)險感知提供了直接的認(rèn)知加工證據(jù),對風(fēng)險感知兩階段模型(HPTS)模型進(jìn)行了修正和拓展,從而使該模型具有更強(qiáng)的可推廣性。3)對風(fēng)險感知影響因素的補(bǔ)充。通過在實驗研究中引入情境性因素作為風(fēng)險感知的調(diào)節(jié)變量,延伸了風(fēng)險感知的研究議題。4)以風(fēng)險情境下的作業(yè)任務(wù)為背景,研究了風(fēng)險感知對西蒙效應(yīng)的調(diào)節(jié)作用,為風(fēng)險感知理論的完善和現(xiàn)實情境應(yīng)用做出了貢獻(xiàn)。
[Abstract]:The progress of technology has constantly changed the modern production and life style, and people have gained the convenience that they can't imagine, but the risk is constantly increasing. Because China is in the process of rapid industrialization in the middle period of industrialization, the safety production operation is facing huge pressure, the life of safety production risk, Property loss and injury have become the focus of today's society. It has a great impact on economic development and social stability. Risk perception is the individual's feelings and understanding of various objective risks that exist in the outside world. It is an important field in the research of security management. Risk perception can directly shape risk behavior, and the perception of risk is The basis of individual and organization risk attitude and decision-making behavior, inaccurate or inappropriate risk perception and risk assessment constitute a major hidden danger to safety management. The two mainstream theoretical frameworks of risk perception psychometric paradigm and cultural theory have been developed to quantify or qualitatively describe the characteristics of risk perception. However, there are still some disputes between the existing theoretical frameworks, and the universality under different situations or tasks (especially contingency situations). In retrospect, there are two problems to be solved in order to deepen the understanding of risk perception: 1) people's perception and assessment of risk information. What are these and neural mechanisms?; 2) is the risk perception affecting the subsequent task execution, and what is the cause of this effect? In order to solve the above problems, this study comprehensively uses the methods of questionnaire and experimental research, and with the aid of Event-related Potentials (ERPs), in the three studies This paper explores the cognitive process and neural basis of risk perception. The first investigates the process of risk perception and risk assessment for the actual operating environment, explores the neuroscientific indicators of risk perception, and provides a paving for the following two sub studies; and study two examines the risk perception and risk assessment by deception. The influence, focusing on the behavior and neural characteristics of the risk of falsely reporting; study three mainly examines the impact mechanism of risk perception on task execution. Based on the results of the above three studies, this paper obtains the following main conclusions: 1) the risk perception process of real scene can be divided into two stages: a relative early period reflected by N1/P200 An automated risk detection and perception process, and a more late P300/LPP, which requires more resources to invest in the risk assessment process.2) risk perception depends on intuition and experience. In the early stages of risk perception, there is a difference in the electroencephalogram (300ms) in a short period of time. A strategy of miscellaneous, rational analysis; in addition, high risk causes a greater amplitude of P300 or LPP than low risk, reflecting the extraction of emotional experience and evaluation of risk. Early rapid attention treatment and late emotional significance jointly indicate that risk perception depends on intuitional processing.3) deception behavior affects risk assessment process. The difficulty of lying the security stimulus as "risk" is higher than the difficulty of falsely falsely reporting the risk stimulus to "security". The reason is that, in the case of limited resources, people allocate more attention to the risk stimulus, thus promoting the memory, monitoring and real counter response to the risk stimulus. The time and accuracy rate, also shown on the LPP.4) risk scenario, has a moderating effect on the Simon effect. Compared to the low risk situation, the high risk situation weakens the Simon effect, indicating that the high risk increases the executive control. When the risk and the conflict coexist, people will invest more attention in the conflict process, thus improving the speed of conflict handling. The effect of this regulation is not only in the reaction time, but also on the P300. This study combines the methods of questionnaire and cognitive neuroscience experimental research, makes a new attempt on the research method, deepens the formation mechanism of risk perception, and realizes the development of the research topic in the field of Neurology, and has some innovation. The theoretical contributions and innovation points of this study are mainly manifested in: 1) extending the risk perception research into the real environment, exploring the risk perception of the actual operating environment, forming an important extension of the existing theoretical discovery.2) and providing a direct cognitive processing card for risk perception through the experimental research method of Neuroscience. According to this, the two phase model of risk perception (HPTS) model is modified and expanded to make the model have a more generalized.3) to supplement the risk perception factors. By introducing the situational factors as the adjustment variables of risk perception in the experimental study, the risk perception research topic.4 is extended. Based on the industry task, this paper studies the moderating effect of risk perception on Simon effect, and contributes to the improvement of risk perception theory and the application of realistic situation.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：浙江大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：X913
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本文編號：2106565