本文選題：礦壓破壞帶預(yù)測(cè) + 底板突水評(píng)價(jià)　； 參考：《中國(guó)礦業(yè)大學(xué)(北京)》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：煤層底板水害因其劇烈的致災(zāi)性引起了國(guó)內(nèi)外廣泛研究與關(guān)注。近年來(lái),作為山西焦煤霍州煤電集團(tuán)主力生產(chǎn)礦井之一的霍寶干河煤礦,其主采煤層(上組2#和下組10#煤層)開采正受到煤層底板承壓含水層水的巨大威脅。針對(duì)以上問(wèn)題,為控制煤層底板承壓含水層水對(duì)該礦主采煤層開采構(gòu)成的威脅,文中綜合運(yùn)用水文地質(zhì)鉆探、抽水試驗(yàn)、水文測(cè)井、巖與水試樣測(cè)試、煤層底板破壞理論計(jì)算和有限元RFPA-2D數(shù)值模擬分析、“脆弱性指數(shù)法”和“五圖雙系數(shù)法”煤層底板突水評(píng)價(jià)等技術(shù)方法,對(duì)該礦2#和10#主采煤層在其底板石炭系太原群灰?guī)r和奧陶系灰?guī)r含水層水源威脅下的底板突水危險(xiǎn)性進(jìn)行了評(píng)價(jià)區(qū)劃,并與實(shí)際開采揭露的水文地質(zhì)條件進(jìn)行了對(duì)比與完善,優(yōu)選了適合相似地質(zhì)條件下相關(guān)問(wèn)題的綜合評(píng)價(jià)技術(shù)與方法,并提出了針對(duì)具體評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果和煤層回采實(shí)際揭露水文地質(zhì)條件的煤層底板水害評(píng)價(jià)方法與防控措施,為保障礦山的安全開采提供了重要技術(shù)支持。通過(guò)以上相關(guān)研究,其主要成果如下:⑴通過(guò)水文地質(zhì)鉆探、抽水試驗(yàn)、水文測(cè)井和巖、水試樣分析測(cè)試和相關(guān)理論計(jì)算等工作方法與技術(shù)手段,查明了礦井邊界斷層性質(zhì)及其對(duì)礦井開采的威脅,預(yù)測(cè)了未來(lái)開采礦井涌水量,查明了石炭系太原群灰?guī)r(K2灰?guī)r)和奧陶系灰?guī)r的厚度、巖性和富水性等特征,即:K2灰?guī)r屬弱富水性含水層,而奧陶系灰?guī)r屬?gòu)?qiáng)富水性含水層;查明了主采煤層(上組2#煤和下組10#煤,下同)與其底板主要承壓含水層的隔水層厚度、巖性、巖石力學(xué)指標(biāo)和阻水性能等特征,查明了主要煤層底板各主要承壓含水層之間的水力聯(lián)系,即奧灰含水層在局部通過(guò)垂向構(gòu)造補(bǔ)給K2灰?guī)r含水層,是K2灰?guī)r含水層的主要補(bǔ)給來(lái)源。⑵運(yùn)用有限元RFPA-2D軟件對(duì)上組2號(hào)煤開采造成的底板礦壓破壞范圍進(jìn)行了數(shù)值模擬分析,并將其模擬結(jié)果與理論計(jì)算及周邊礦井原位實(shí)測(cè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)值及成果進(jìn)行了對(duì)比分析。即:在考慮隨工作面長(zhǎng)度推進(jìn)和工作面不同采寬時(shí)的該煤層底板礦壓破壞深度為約14m,小于理論公式及現(xiàn)場(chǎng)實(shí)測(cè)成果的22~25m,為確保后續(xù)評(píng)價(jià)成果安全性,將經(jīng)理論公式計(jì)算和周邊礦井原位實(shí)測(cè)成果作為后續(xù)評(píng)價(jià)主要依據(jù)。該煤層開采底板礦壓破壞深度的綜合評(píng)價(jià)為后續(xù)煤層底板突水危險(xiǎn)性區(qū)劃評(píng)價(jià)提供了技術(shù)支持。⑶對(duì)研究區(qū)主采煤層的底板突水脆弱性采用“脆弱性指數(shù)法”進(jìn)行了評(píng)價(jià)區(qū)劃。結(jié)果表明:(1)在干河礦區(qū)范圍內(nèi),2#號(hào)煤層底板K2灰?guī)r含水層突水可能性從南向北呈遞增態(tài)勢(shì),而在斷層和褶皺等構(gòu)造分布區(qū)域則多處于脆弱和較脆弱區(qū);(2)干河煤礦10#煤層開采時(shí)底板奧灰突水可能性整體較大,即:其相對(duì)安全區(qū)主要分布在礦井東南部,較脆弱區(qū)則集中在礦井中北部,而脆弱區(qū)則主要集中在礦井構(gòu)造較發(fā)育地帶的礦井北部和礦井其他部位。⑷對(duì)研究區(qū)主采煤層的底板突水危險(xiǎn)性采用“五圖雙系數(shù)法”進(jìn)行了評(píng)價(jià)和區(qū)劃。結(jié)果表明:(1)該礦2#煤層開采時(shí)底板K2灰?guī)r含水層在礦井中北部易形成非直通式突水,而因奧灰含水層形成的突水可能性較小,危險(xiǎn)區(qū)僅存在于礦井北部小部分區(qū)域;(2)該礦10#煤層開采時(shí)底板形成奧灰含水層直通式突水的區(qū)域主要集中在井田西部,而形成非直通式突水的區(qū)域主要集中在井田中東部。⑸綜合上述兩種方法所得評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果并與開采揭露水文地質(zhì)條件對(duì)比,可以看出:(1)運(yùn)用“脆弱性指數(shù)法”進(jìn)行底板突水危險(xiǎn)性評(píng)價(jià)時(shí),考慮主控因素比較多,體現(xiàn)了地質(zhì)現(xiàn)象的逐漸變化特征,而“五圖雙系數(shù)”進(jìn)行底板突水危險(xiǎn)性評(píng)價(jià),考慮的因素少,沒(méi)有明顯的過(guò)渡區(qū);(2)“五圖雙系數(shù)法”沒(méi)有考慮構(gòu)造對(duì)煤層底板突水評(píng)價(jià)的影響致使其評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果安全性偏低;(3)底板突水是一個(gè)非線性的多因素的突發(fā)性比較強(qiáng)的過(guò)程�！按嗳跣灾笖�(shù)法”更好地反映了煤層底板突水非線性、多因素和突發(fā)性特征,而單純考慮底板隔水層與水頭因素,不能更好地反映實(shí)際情況;(4)“五圖雙系數(shù)法”評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果較為保守,導(dǎo)致大量煤炭資源浪費(fèi),而脆弱性指數(shù)法則能更大地解放煤炭資源,增加經(jīng)濟(jì)效益,緩解能源緊張。綜上所述,文中將基于“脆弱性指數(shù)法”的評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果作為其最終依據(jù)。⑹提出了基于上述“脆弱性指數(shù)法”評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果和經(jīng)開采實(shí)踐驗(yàn)證的主采煤層底板突水防控技術(shù)方法。即:(1)對(duì)于評(píng)價(jià)區(qū)劃結(jié)果的相對(duì)安全區(qū)和較安全區(qū),應(yīng)采取在生產(chǎn)中時(shí)刻關(guān)注回采工作面情況、涌水量變化和太灰水位變化,發(fā)現(xiàn)異常,及時(shí)上報(bào)的應(yīng)對(duì)措施。(2)對(duì)于評(píng)價(jià)區(qū)劃結(jié)果的過(guò)渡區(qū),除采取在相對(duì)安全區(qū)和較安全區(qū)的防控措施在,還應(yīng)采用含水層改造和隔水層加固、注漿措施改造含水層或加固隔水層,進(jìn)一步提高隔水層強(qiáng)度。(3)對(duì)于評(píng)價(jià)區(qū)劃結(jié)果的較脆弱區(qū),應(yīng)主要采取以下措施,即:在回采過(guò)程中進(jìn)行超前探水;利用物探、鉆探等綜合勘探手段,查明隔水層薄弱地段、富水區(qū)段和潛在導(dǎo)水通道(斷層、裂隙帶);采用地球物理、鉆探等手段,查明回采工作面范圍內(nèi)煤層底板巖層的連續(xù)性與裂隙發(fā)育特征,確定裂隙發(fā)育地段,采取注漿改造措施改造含水層和加固隔水層,使其變?yōu)橄鄬?duì)隔水層甚至隔水層,進(jìn)一步提高開采安全性;在生產(chǎn)中疏降含水層水壓至安全水壓再進(jìn)行回采作業(yè),特別對(duì)于情況復(fù)雜地段,在巷道掘進(jìn)過(guò)程中應(yīng)進(jìn)行超前探放水并酌情設(shè)立防水閘門。(4)對(duì)于評(píng)價(jià)區(qū)域結(jié)果的脆弱區(qū),應(yīng)采取以下主要防控措施:對(duì)隔水層厚度較薄區(qū)域,采取注漿加固隔水層方法,以確保隔水層強(qiáng)度滿足水壓破壞與安全開采要求,對(duì)于礦壓破壞帶下脆性巖厚度較小區(qū)域,亦可采取注漿加固,以確保隔水層強(qiáng)度;對(duì)于區(qū)域富水性較高區(qū)域,可疏水降壓后進(jìn)行開采;而對(duì)于水頭壓力較大采區(qū),則需采取疏水降壓方法,基于具體情況和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)經(jīng)驗(yàn),把承壓含水層水頭壓力降到隔水層所能承受的安全水頭壓力范圍內(nèi)。(5)需要特別指出的是,對(duì)于斷層、褶皺等構(gòu)造分布區(qū),因構(gòu)造的存在破壞了隔水層連續(xù)性,因此當(dāng)煤層回采揭露這些構(gòu)造時(shí),其可能會(huì)作為導(dǎo)水通道直接或間接把含水層承壓水引入工作面進(jìn)而造成嚴(yán)重后果。故主要應(yīng)采取以下措施加以應(yīng)對(duì),即:首先,在煤層回采中對(duì)這些區(qū)域留設(shè)足夠的隔水煤(巖)柱,嚴(yán)重的可采取兩盤預(yù)注漿或局部疏水降壓等措施處理;其次,在巷道掘進(jìn)靠近這些構(gòu)造分布區(qū)域時(shí)應(yīng)進(jìn)行超前探放水,利用物探、鉆探等綜合探查手段,查明構(gòu)造具體產(chǎn)狀和影響區(qū)域,同時(shí)利用其他手段探查構(gòu)造富水性,再基于此采取超前探放水措施或預(yù)留煤柱進(jìn)行水害防治,并酌情設(shè)立防水閘門實(shí)現(xiàn)分區(qū)隔離開采,以確保回采安全;最后,對(duì)工作面回采已揭露但未突水?dāng)鄬?須加強(qiáng)觀測(cè),嚴(yán)防滯后突水災(zāi)害發(fā)生。
[Abstract]:The water damage of coal seam floor has caused extensive research and concern at home and abroad because of its severe disaster. In recent years, as one of the main production mines of Shanxi coking coal Huozhou coal and electricity group coal mine, the main mining coal seam (upper group 2# and lower group 10# coal seam) is being threatened by the coal seam floor bearing aquifer water. In order to control the threat to the mining of the main coal seam under the confined aquifer of the coal seam floor, the hydrogeological drilling, pumping test, hydrologic logging, rock and water test, the theory calculation of coal seam floor failure and the finite element RFPA-2D numerical simulation analysis, the "brittle index method" and "five figure double coefficient method" of coal seam floor are used in this paper. The water inrush evaluation of the 2# and 10# main coal seam in the coal mine under the threat of the water source of the Carboniferous Taiyuan group limestone and the Ordovician limestone aquifers in the floor is evaluated and divided, and the hydrogeological conditions are compared and perfected with the actual mining, and the relevant problems suitable for similar geological conditions are optimized. The comprehensive evaluation techniques and methods are put forward, and the water damage evaluation method and control measures for the coal seam floor are put forward in view of the concrete evaluation results and the actual mining of the coal seam, so as to provide important technical support for the safety mining of the mine. Water test, hydrologic logging and rock, water sample analysis and correlation theory calculation and other work methods and technical means have been used to find out the fault properties of the mine boundary and the threat to mine mining, predict the water inflow of the mine in the future, and find out the thickness, lithology and water rich of the Carboniferous Taiyuan group limestone (K2 limestone) and Ordovician. The K2 limestone belongs to the weak water rich aquifer, and the Ordovician limestone is a strong water rich aquifer, and the thickness, lithology, rock mechanics index and water resistance property of the main coal seam (the upper group 2# coal and the lower group 10# coal, the lower part) and the main bearing aquifers of the floor are identified, and the main bearing aquifers of the main coal seam floor are found out. The hydraulic connection of the aquifer of the AUG ash aquifer is partially recharged by the vertical structure of the K2 limestone aquifer, which is the main source of recharge of the aquifers of the K2 limestone. (2) the numerical simulation analysis of the failure range of the bottom ore pressure caused by the mining of the upper group 2 coal was carried out by the finite element RFPA-2D software, and its simulation results and theoretical calculation and in the surrounding mine in situ are carried out. The measured experience value and the results are compared and analyzed. That is: the depth of rock pressure failure of the floor of the coal seam is about 14m in consideration of the length of the working face and the width of the working face. It is less than the 22~25m of the theoretical formula and the field measured results. In order to ensure the safety of the follow-up evaluation results, the theoretical formula will be calculated and the measured results in the surrounding mine are in situ. As a follow-up evaluation, the comprehensive evaluation of the failure depth of the floor mine pressure in the coal seam provides technical support for the follow-up evaluation of the water inrush hazard zoning of the coal seam floor. (3) the evaluation of the vulnerability of the water inrush from the floor of the main coal seam in the study area is evaluated by the "vulnerability index method". The results show that: (1) in the scope of the dry river mine area, The possibility of water inrush from the K2 limestone aquifer of the 2# coal seam floor is increasing from the south to the north, while in the tectonic distribution areas such as faults and folds in the fragile and more fragile areas, (2) the possibility of the floor soot water inrush in the mining of the 10# coal seam in the dry river coal mine is large, that is, the relative safety area is mainly distributed in the southeast of the mine, and the more fragile area is set. In the middle and north of the mine, the fragile area is mainly concentrated in the north of the mine and the other parts of the mine. (4) the "five figure double coefficient method" is used to evaluate and zoning the risk of water inrush from the floor of the main coal seam in the study area. The results show that: (1) the floor of the floor K2 limestone aquifer in the 2# coal seam of this mine is in the middle of the mine. It is easy to form non direct water inrush, but the possibility of water inrush formed by the orot aquifer is small, and the dangerous area is only in the small part of the northern part of the mine. (2) the area of the orot aquifer direct water inrush in the bottom of the coal seam is mainly concentrated in the west of the mine when the 10# coal seam is mined, and the area of the non direct water inrush is mainly concentrated in Ida Naka. By comparing the results obtained by the two methods mentioned above and compared with the extraction of hydrogeological conditions, we can see: (1) when the "vulnerability index method" is used to evaluate the risk of water inrush in the floor, the main factors are considered, and the gradual change of geological phenomena is reflected, while the "five map double coefficients" is used to carry out the risk of water inrush in the floor. There are few factors to consider, and there is no obvious transition zone. (2) the "five graph double coefficient method" does not consider the effect of structure on the evaluation of water inrush from coal seam floor, resulting in the low safety of the evaluation result. (3) the water inrush from the floor is a nonlinear and multi factor sudden and strong process. The "vulnerability index method" reflects the bottom of the coal seam better. The water inrush is nonlinear, multi factor and sudden characteristic, but simply considering the floor and water head factors can not better reflect the actual situation. (4) the results of the "five graph double coefficient method" are more conservative, resulting in a large amount of coal resources waste, and the vulnerability index rule can more liberate coal resources, increase economic benefits, alleviate the energy tight. On the basis of the evaluation results of the "vulnerability index method", the paper puts forward the technical methods of water inrush prevention and control in the floor of the main coal seam, which is based on the evaluation results of the "vulnerability index method" and the mining practice. That is (1) the relative safety zone and the safer zone for the results of the evaluation should be taken. During the production, we should pay attention to the situation of the mining face, the change of water gushing and the change of the water level, the discovery of abnormal and timely reporting measures. (2) in the transition zone of the evaluation of the results of the zoning, in addition to the prevention and control measures in the relative safety zone and the safer area, the aquifers and the aquifers should be used to reinforce the aquifers and the grouting measures should be used to reconstruct the aquifers. Or reinforce the aquifers to further improve the strength of the aquifers. (3) the following measures should be taken to evaluate the fragility of the results of the zoning, that is, to explore the water in the process of recovery, and to find out the weak sections of the aquifers, the water rich sections and the potential water guide channels (faults and fissure zones), and the use of earth objects. According to the method of drilling and drilling, the continuity and fracture development characteristics of the coal seam floor in the mining face range are ascertained, the zone of fracture development is determined, the aquifers and the aquifers are strengthened by grouting transformation measures to make it become relative aquifers and even the aquifers to further improve the safety of the mining, and the water pressure of the aquifers in the production will be reduced to the safety. All water pressure will be carried out again, especially for complex areas, in the course of roadway driving, water and water proof gate should be set ahead. (4) the following main prevention and control measures should be taken to evaluate the fragile zone of regional results: the method of grouting and reinforcement of the aquifers should be taken to ensure the strong septum to ensure the strength of the aquifers. In order to meet the requirements of water pressure damage and safety mining, the grouting reinforcement can be adopted to ensure the strength of the aquifers for the lower brittle rock thickness area under the ore pressure failure zone, and to ensure the strength of the aquifers. Field experience, the pressure of the water head of the bearing aquifer is reduced to the safe water head pressure that the aquifers can bear. (5) it should be particularly pointed out that the tectonic distribution areas, such as faults and folds, have destroyed the continuity of the aquifers because of the existence of the structure, so when the coal seam is recovered to expose the structures, it may be directly or indirectly as the channel guide. It is necessary to take the following measures to bring the bearing water in the aquifer into the working surface. Therefore, the following measures should be taken to deal with it, that is, first, enough water separated coal (rock) columns are left in the coal seam mining, and two plates pregrouting or local hydrophobic depressurization can be taken seriously; secondly, the distribution of these structures is close to the distribution of these structures in the tunnel. In the area, we should go ahead and explore the water, use geophysical prospecting, drilling and other comprehensive exploration means to find out the concrete production and influence areas, and use other means to explore the structure rich water. Finally, it is necessary to strengthen observation and prevent the occurrence of delayed water inrush disaster.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)礦業(yè)大學(xué)(北京)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：TD745.2

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