本文選題：應(yīng)急測(cè)繪保障體系 + 聚焦服務(wù)　； 參考：《武漢大學(xué)》2014年博士論文

【摘要】：測(cè)繪地理信息是有效應(yīng)對(duì)自然災(zāi)害的基礎(chǔ)性關(guān)鍵信息,應(yīng)急地理信息的獲取、傳輸、處理與共享應(yīng)用的技術(shù)高速發(fā)展,成體系的應(yīng)急測(cè)繪保障的研究與建設(shè)成為國(guó)際上防災(zāi)減災(zāi)重要基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè),是國(guó)際研究的前沿與熱點(diǎn)問題之一。應(yīng)急測(cè)繪保障體系的技術(shù)主線是“應(yīng)急”為特征,貫穿到應(yīng)急測(cè)繪工作的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),數(shù)據(jù)獲取要快速、數(shù)據(jù)處理分析要智能化、信息服務(wù)要主動(dòng)自適應(yīng)。經(jīng)過汶川地震、海地地震等一序列自然災(zāi)害經(jīng)驗(yàn)和教訓(xùn),可以看出,國(guó)際上還缺乏成熟的應(yīng)急測(cè)繪保障的成套的理論基礎(chǔ)和技術(shù)支撐,比如應(yīng)急測(cè)繪資源調(diào)度混亂、災(zāi)情分析評(píng)估效率低、應(yīng)急信息服務(wù)水平低等問題十分突出,急需研究和建立應(yīng)急測(cè)繪保障體系這一項(xiàng)復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)工程。本文針對(duì)應(yīng)急測(cè)繪保障體系中任務(wù)規(guī)劃與資源調(diào)度、災(zāi)情評(píng)估、應(yīng)急信息服務(wù)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)問題,進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的研究,并研制了省級(jí)應(yīng)急測(cè)繪指揮平臺(tái),具體內(nèi)容包括： (1)面向任務(wù)的應(yīng)急測(cè)繪聚焦服務(wù)模式�，F(xiàn)有的應(yīng)急測(cè)繪保障服務(wù)往往只針對(duì)有限數(shù)據(jù)源和特定的任務(wù),是一種典型的自上而下的數(shù)據(jù)驅(qū)動(dòng)模式,以特定數(shù)據(jù)產(chǎn)品為中心,數(shù)據(jù)產(chǎn)品服務(wù)的模式單一、不靈活、且效率低,越來越不適應(yīng)個(gè)性化的復(fù)雜多樣的任務(wù)需求。本文以多層級(jí)用戶(包括國(guó)家、省級(jí)、地方和災(zāi)害現(xiàn)場(chǎng)用戶)的任務(wù)需求為牽引,研究提出傳感器數(shù)據(jù)獲取、應(yīng)急數(shù)據(jù)處理、傳輸與共享服務(wù)等聚焦服務(wù)的模式,建立各類應(yīng)急測(cè)繪數(shù)據(jù)獲取、處理、分析、應(yīng)用服務(wù)廣泛共享與有機(jī)聚合和高效協(xié)同機(jī)制,通過分散的專業(yè)化服務(wù)相互之間通信和協(xié)作來實(shí)現(xiàn)綜合性服務(wù),提供靈活、高效、準(zhǔn)確、個(gè)性化的按需服務(wù)和聚焦服務(wù)�；谠摲⻊�(wù)模式,研制了省級(jí)應(yīng)急測(cè)繪指揮調(diào)度系統(tǒng)。 (2)天空地協(xié)同的典型地質(zhì)災(zāi)害快速評(píng)估。由于滑坡、泥石流等典型重大地質(zhì)災(zāi)害具有高突發(fā)、高隱蔽等復(fù)雜特征,單一數(shù)據(jù)源難以滿足全面準(zhǔn)確動(dòng)態(tài)評(píng)估需求,本文提出綜合利用高分辨率衛(wèi)星遙感資料、無人機(jī)影像數(shù)據(jù)以及地面調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù),在“基礎(chǔ)庫(kù)、應(yīng)急庫(kù)、專題庫(kù)”支持下進(jìn)行可靠的、準(zhǔn)確的、多尺度的災(zāi)情與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)動(dòng)態(tài)評(píng)估方法,并以“6·18”以來洪災(zāi)對(duì)地震災(zāi)區(qū)影響分析為例,驗(yàn)證了災(zāi)害損失評(píng)估的有效性。 (3)自適應(yīng)應(yīng)急信息服務(wù)。盡管初步建立以天地圖為平臺(tái)應(yīng)急信息服務(wù)模式,但“天-地-現(xiàn)場(chǎng)”一體化應(yīng)急測(cè)繪信息報(bào)送、管理、發(fā)布、共享應(yīng)用水平和能力明顯不足。因此本文研究多尺度“天-地-現(xiàn)場(chǎng)”動(dòng)態(tài)觀測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)與歷史數(shù)據(jù)的自適應(yīng)數(shù)據(jù)組織管理、面向多層級(jí)用戶的信息共享與快速發(fā)布、災(zāi)情地理信息三維動(dòng)態(tài)可視化等應(yīng)急信息服務(wù)關(guān)鍵技術(shù),并應(yīng)用于自然災(zāi)害地理信息發(fā)布系統(tǒng)的研制。 (4)省級(jí)應(yīng)急測(cè)繪指揮平臺(tái)。面向自然災(zāi)害、事故災(zāi)難、公共衛(wèi)生事件、社會(huì)安全事件等突發(fā)公共事件屬地管理為主的應(yīng)急測(cè)繪需求,系統(tǒng)研究無人機(jī)航線自動(dòng)規(guī)劃、應(yīng)急測(cè)繪資源自動(dòng)調(diào)度管理以及災(zāi)害信息快速發(fā)布等關(guān)鍵技術(shù),設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)現(xiàn)了一種省級(jí)應(yīng)急測(cè)繪指揮平臺(tái)。 本文研究成果為我國(guó)應(yīng)急測(cè)繪保障技術(shù)體系的建立和完善提供了成套的解決方案,有助于顯著提高應(yīng)急測(cè)繪快速服務(wù)能力,在“6·18”以來洪水對(duì)地震災(zāi)區(qū)影響分析中發(fā)揮了關(guān)鍵作用。
[Abstract]:Surveying and mapping geographic information is the basic key information for effective response to natural disasters, the rapid development of the technology for obtaining, transmitting, processing and sharing applications of emergency geographic information. The research and construction of an emergency surveying and mapping support system has become an important infrastructure for disaster prevention and reduction in the world. It is one of the frontier and hot issues in international research. The technical main line of the emergency surveying and mapping system is "emergency", which runs through every link of the emergency surveying and mapping work, the data acquisition is fast, the data processing and analysis should be intelligentized, the information service should be self-adaptive. After the Wenchuan earthquake, the Haiti earthquake and other natural disaster experience and lessons, it can be seen that the international is still lack of maturity. The complete set of theoretical foundation and technical support of emergency surveying and mapping support, such as the confusion of emergency surveying and mapping resources scheduling, the low efficiency of the disaster analysis and evaluation, the low level of emergency information service, and the urgent need to study and establish an emergency surveying and mapping guarantee system, a complex system project. This paper aims at the task planning in the emergency surveying and mapping support system. The key technical problems of resource scheduling, disaster assessment and emergency information service are studied systematically, and the provincial emergency surveying and mapping platform is developed. The specific contents include:
(1) task oriented emergency surveying and mapping service mode. The existing emergency surveying and mapping service is usually only for the limited data source and specific task. It is a typical top-down data driven model with specific data products as the center. The model of data product service is single, inflexible and inefficient, and is becoming more and more inadaptable. In this paper, the task demand of multilevel users (including national, provincial, local and disaster site users) is taken as traction, and the model of focused services such as sensor data acquisition, emergency data processing, transmission and sharing services is proposed, and various kinds of emergency mapping data acquisition, processing, analysis, and application services are established. Sharing and organic polymerization and efficient coordination mechanism, through the communication and collaboration of dispersed professional services to achieve comprehensive services, provide flexible, efficient, accurate, personalized and focused services and focused services. Based on the service model, a provincial emergency mapping and dispatching system is developed.
(2) the rapid assessment of typical geological disasters in the cooperation of the sky. Due to the complicated characteristics such as high burst and high concealment, the typical major geological disasters such as landslides and debris flows are difficult to meet the requirements of comprehensive and accurate dynamic assessment. This paper proposes a comprehensive use of high resolution satellite remote sensing data, UAV image data and the number of ground investigation. A reliable, accurate, multi-scale dynamic assessment method of disaster and risk was carried out under the support of "base bank, emergency storehouse and special library", and the effectiveness of disaster loss assessment was verified by the example of the impact analysis of flood disaster on earthquake area since "6. 18".
(3) self-adaptive emergency information service. Despite the initial establishment of an emergency information service model based on the sky map as a platform, the "Tian to site" integrated emergency mapping information reporting, management, release, and sharing application level and ability are obviously insufficient. Therefore, this paper studies the adaptive multi scale "day to field" dynamic observation data and the adaptation of historical data. Data organization and management, the key technology of emergency information service, such as information sharing and rapid release of multi-layer users, three-dimensional dynamic visualization of disaster geographical information, is applied to the development of natural disaster geographic information publishing system.
(4) the provincial emergency surveying and mapping platform. The emergency surveying and mapping needs of natural disasters, accident disasters, public health events, social security events and other public emergencies, such as the automatic planning of the UAV route, the automatic dispatch and management of emergency surveying and mapping resources and the rapid release of disaster information, are designed and realized. A provincial emergency surveying and mapping command platform.
The results of this paper provide a complete set of solutions for the establishment and improvement of the emergency surveying and mapping system in China, which can greatly improve the rapid service ability of emergency surveying and mapping. Since the "6. 18", the flood has played a key role in the analysis of the impact of earthquake stricken areas.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：武漢大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：X43;P20

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