本文選題：應急測繪保障體系 + 聚焦服務��； 參考：《武漢大學》2014年博士論文

【摘要】：測繪地理信息是有效應對自然災害的基礎性關鍵信息,應急地理信息的獲取、傳輸、處理與共享應用的技術高速發(fā)展,成體系的應急測繪保障的研究與建設成為國際上防災減災重要基礎設施建設,是國際研究的前沿與熱點問題之一。應急測繪保障體系的技術主線是“應急”為特征,貫穿到應急測繪工作的各個環(huán)節(jié),數(shù)據(jù)獲取要快速、數(shù)據(jù)處理分析要智能化、信息服務要主動自適應。經(jīng)過汶川地震、海地地震等一序列自然災害經(jīng)驗和教訓,可以看出,國際上還缺乏成熟的應急測繪保障的成套的理論基礎和技術支撐,比如應急測繪資源調度混亂、災情分析評估效率低、應急信息服務水平低等問題十分突出,急需研究和建立應急測繪保障體系這一項復雜的系統(tǒng)工程。本文針對應急測繪保障體系中任務規(guī)劃與資源調度、災情評估、應急信息服務關鍵技術問題,進行系統(tǒng)的研究,并研制了省級應急測繪指揮平臺,具體內容包括： (1)面向任務的應急測繪聚焦服務模式�，F(xiàn)有的應急測繪保障服務往往只針對有限數(shù)據(jù)源和特定的任務,是一種典型的自上而下的數(shù)據(jù)驅動模式,以特定數(shù)據(jù)產(chǎn)品為中心,數(shù)據(jù)產(chǎn)品服務的模式單一、不靈活、且效率低,越來越不適應個性化的復雜多樣的任務需求。本文以多層級用戶(包括國家、省級、地方和災害現(xiàn)場用戶)的任務需求為牽引,研究提出傳感器數(shù)據(jù)獲取、應急數(shù)據(jù)處理、傳輸與共享服務等聚焦服務的模式,建立各類應急測繪數(shù)據(jù)獲取、處理、分析、應用服務廣泛共享與有機聚合和高效協(xié)同機制,通過分散的專業(yè)化服務相互之間通信和協(xié)作來實現(xiàn)綜合性服務,提供靈活、高效、準確、個性化的按需服務和聚焦服務�；谠摲⻊漳Ｊ�,研制了省級應急測繪指揮調度系統(tǒng)。 (2)天空地協(xié)同的典型地質災害快速評估。由于滑坡、泥石流等典型重大地質災害具有高突發(fā)、高隱蔽等復雜特征,單一數(shù)據(jù)源難以滿足全面準確動態(tài)評估需求,本文提出綜合利用高分辨率衛(wèi)星遙感資料、無人機影像數(shù)據(jù)以及地面調查數(shù)據(jù),在“基礎庫、應急庫、專題庫”支持下進行可靠的、準確的、多尺度的災情與風險動態(tài)評估方法,并以“6·18”以來洪災對地震災區(qū)影響分析為例,驗證了災害損失評估的有效性。 (3)自適應應急信息服務。盡管初步建立以天地圖為平臺應急信息服務模式,但“天-地-現(xiàn)場”一體化應急測繪信息報送、管理、發(fā)布、共享應用水平和能力明顯不足。因此本文研究多尺度“天-地-現(xiàn)場”動態(tài)觀測數(shù)據(jù)與歷史數(shù)據(jù)的自適應數(shù)據(jù)組織管理、面向多層級用戶的信息共享與快速發(fā)布、災情地理信息三維動態(tài)可視化等應急信息服務關鍵技術,并應用于自然災害地理信息發(fā)布系統(tǒng)的研制。 (4)省級應急測繪指揮平臺。面向自然災害、事故災難、公共衛(wèi)生事件、社會安全事件等突發(fā)公共事件屬地管理為主的應急測繪需求,系統(tǒng)研究無人機航線自動規(guī)劃、應急測繪資源自動調度管理以及災害信息快速發(fā)布等關鍵技術,設計實現(xiàn)了一種省級應急測繪指揮平臺。 本文研究成果為我國應急測繪保障技術體系的建立和完善提供了成套的解決方案,有助于顯著提高應急測繪快速服務能力,在“6·18”以來洪水對地震災區(qū)影響分析中發(fā)揮了關鍵作用。
[Abstract]:Surveying and mapping geographic information is the basic key information for effective response to natural disasters, the rapid development of the technology for obtaining, transmitting, processing and sharing applications of emergency geographic information. The research and construction of an emergency surveying and mapping support system has become an important infrastructure for disaster prevention and reduction in the world. It is one of the frontier and hot issues in international research. The technical main line of the emergency surveying and mapping system is "emergency", which runs through every link of the emergency surveying and mapping work, the data acquisition is fast, the data processing and analysis should be intelligentized, the information service should be self-adaptive. After the Wenchuan earthquake, the Haiti earthquake and other natural disaster experience and lessons, it can be seen that the international is still lack of maturity. The complete set of theoretical foundation and technical support of emergency surveying and mapping support, such as the confusion of emergency surveying and mapping resources scheduling, the low efficiency of the disaster analysis and evaluation, the low level of emergency information service, and the urgent need to study and establish an emergency surveying and mapping guarantee system, a complex system project. This paper aims at the task planning in the emergency surveying and mapping support system. The key technical problems of resource scheduling, disaster assessment and emergency information service are studied systematically, and the provincial emergency surveying and mapping platform is developed. The specific contents include:
(1) task oriented emergency surveying and mapping service mode. The existing emergency surveying and mapping service is usually only for the limited data source and specific task. It is a typical top-down data driven model with specific data products as the center. The model of data product service is single, inflexible and inefficient, and is becoming more and more inadaptable. In this paper, the task demand of multilevel users (including national, provincial, local and disaster site users) is taken as traction, and the model of focused services such as sensor data acquisition, emergency data processing, transmission and sharing services is proposed, and various kinds of emergency mapping data acquisition, processing, analysis, and application services are established. Sharing and organic polymerization and efficient coordination mechanism, through the communication and collaboration of dispersed professional services to achieve comprehensive services, provide flexible, efficient, accurate, personalized and focused services and focused services. Based on the service model, a provincial emergency mapping and dispatching system is developed.
(2) the rapid assessment of typical geological disasters in the cooperation of the sky. Due to the complicated characteristics such as high burst and high concealment, the typical major geological disasters such as landslides and debris flows are difficult to meet the requirements of comprehensive and accurate dynamic assessment. This paper proposes a comprehensive use of high resolution satellite remote sensing data, UAV image data and the number of ground investigation. A reliable, accurate, multi-scale dynamic assessment method of disaster and risk was carried out under the support of "base bank, emergency storehouse and special library", and the effectiveness of disaster loss assessment was verified by the example of the impact analysis of flood disaster on earthquake area since "6. 18".
(3) self-adaptive emergency information service. Despite the initial establishment of an emergency information service model based on the sky map as a platform, the "Tian to site" integrated emergency mapping information reporting, management, release, and sharing application level and ability are obviously insufficient. Therefore, this paper studies the adaptive multi scale "day to field" dynamic observation data and the adaptation of historical data. Data organization and management, the key technology of emergency information service, such as information sharing and rapid release of multi-layer users, three-dimensional dynamic visualization of disaster geographical information, is applied to the development of natural disaster geographic information publishing system.
(4) the provincial emergency surveying and mapping platform. The emergency surveying and mapping needs of natural disasters, accident disasters, public health events, social security events and other public emergencies, such as the automatic planning of the UAV route, the automatic dispatch and management of emergency surveying and mapping resources and the rapid release of disaster information, are designed and realized. A provincial emergency surveying and mapping command platform.
The results of this paper provide a complete set of solutions for the establishment and improvement of the emergency surveying and mapping system in China, which can greatly improve the rapid service ability of emergency surveying and mapping. Since the "6. 18", the flood has played a key role in the analysis of the impact of earthquake stricken areas.

【學位授予單位】：武漢大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：X43;P20

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