本文選題：歷史時(shí)期　切入點(diǎn)：漢江上游　出處：《陜西師范大學(xué)》2013年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：漢江上游地區(qū)是一個(gè)自然災(zāi)害頻發(fā)的地區(qū),本文以史料記載的歷史時(shí)期以來(lái),從208BC到2010AD漢江上游地區(qū)的各種自然災(zāi)害為依據(jù),包括水災(zāi)、旱災(zāi)、風(fēng)雹災(zāi)害、地質(zhì)災(zāi)害、蟲(chóng)災(zāi)、凍災(zāi)等,分析了各種自然災(zāi)害的特點(diǎn)、發(fā)生的頻率、季節(jié)與月份特征、成災(zāi)原因等。歷史時(shí)期以來(lái),漢江上游地區(qū)的災(zāi)害呈現(xiàn)出災(zāi)害種類多；旱澇災(zāi)害為主；災(zāi)害出現(xiàn)次數(shù)多,頻繁發(fā)生；次生災(zāi)害多,且成災(zāi)較嚴(yán)重等特點(diǎn)。歷史時(shí)期以來(lái)的很長(zhǎng)時(shí)期內(nèi),自然災(zāi)害是制約漢江上游地區(qū)社會(huì)再生產(chǎn)的重要因素。災(zāi)害的發(fā)生給漢江上游地區(qū)的社會(huì)帶來(lái)很大影響。 首先,災(zāi)害影響本地區(qū)的人口的數(shù)量和身體素質(zhì)。漢江上游地區(qū)由于交通、區(qū)位、歷史等原因,經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展緩慢,歷史時(shí)期本就人口稀少。災(zāi)害發(fā)生時(shí),又會(huì)導(dǎo)致人口的大量死亡以及災(zāi)民外出逃荒,人口數(shù)量嚴(yán)重減少、人口變動(dòng)頻繁；其次災(zāi)荒的發(fā)生必然會(huì)導(dǎo)致災(zāi)民的生活質(zhì)量變差,身體素質(zhì)下降。 其次,災(zāi)害的頻繁發(fā)生對(duì)本地區(qū)的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)帶來(lái)很大損失。表現(xiàn)在：糧食減產(chǎn)甚至絕收；勞動(dòng)力減少,土地拋荒,恢復(fù)再生產(chǎn)困難；土地的拋荒,又導(dǎo)致農(nóng)村地價(jià)嚴(yán)重下跌,土地兼并嚴(yán)重,而且災(zāi)荒之年農(nóng)村高利貸盛行,農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序混亂；農(nóng)耕荒蕪,使工商業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)缺少原材料,加上災(zāi)害年份災(zāi)民購(gòu)買力下降,工商業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展緩慢,社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)凋弊。 再次,自然災(zāi)害使社會(huì)秩序混亂。各種災(zāi)害發(fā)生之時(shí),往往最直接的影響就是糧食減產(chǎn),引發(fā)饑荒。漢江上游地區(qū)饑荒嚴(yán)重之年,災(zāi)民為求生存,不惜賣妻鬻女,甚至骨肉相食,傳統(tǒng)的人倫道德受到嚴(yán)重沖擊：災(zāi)荒后人口的頻繁變動(dòng)也在一定程度上擾亂了社會(huì)秩序,增加政府管理上的困難；災(zāi)荒發(fā)生時(shí),災(zāi)民們常出現(xiàn)搶糧、抗租、“吃大戶”行為,甚至更嚴(yán)重時(shí)會(huì)揭竿而起,發(fā)動(dòng)農(nóng)民起義。 此外,自然災(zāi)害頻繁發(fā)生,而歷史時(shí)期人們對(duì)災(zāi)害缺乏科學(xué)的認(rèn)識(shí),不懂正確的救治手段,歷史時(shí)期以來(lái),漢江上游地區(qū)出現(xiàn)了特殊的災(zāi)異風(fēng)俗。比如,旱災(zāi)后的祈雨、驅(qū)逐旱魃行為；水災(zāi)時(shí)利用“掃天婆”祈晴；蝗災(zāi)發(fā)生時(shí)拜蝗神、拜農(nóng)神除蝗；以及個(gè)別地方逃荒的風(fēng)俗等,這些風(fēng)俗的形成雖不科學(xué),但也一定程度上反應(yīng)了出勞動(dòng)人民在長(zhǎng)期災(zāi)害頻發(fā)時(shí)形成的災(zāi)害救助思想。 最后,災(zāi)害發(fā)生時(shí)災(zāi)民逃荒,以及災(zāi)荒后政府的招徠流民移墾政策,帶來(lái)了大量的人口流動(dòng),也促進(jìn)了不同地區(qū)的文化交流。如,風(fēng)俗、方言、農(nóng)耕技術(shù)等方面的傳播。 漢江上游地區(qū)的政府和社會(huì)在災(zāi)害應(yīng)對(duì)方面,主要表現(xiàn)在三個(gè)方面：(1)災(zāi)害發(fā)生之前的災(zāi)害預(yù)防。如,興修水利防汛抗旱,歷史時(shí)期本區(qū)筑造了大量的古堰,以及引水渠；最早從三國(guó)時(shí)期就有禁伐林木的措施,到明清時(shí)期更加重視；以及在豐收年份儲(chǔ)糧備荒的政策。(2)災(zāi)害發(fā)生之時(shí),政府和民間義士積極救濟(jì),如,賑糧、賑粥、賑款、賑衣等；政府調(diào)糧,平物價(jià)；政府制定減少農(nóng)民賦稅、田租等政策,減輕災(zāi)時(shí)農(nóng)民負(fù)擔(dān)。(3)災(zāi)害發(fā)生之后,為鼓勵(lì)農(nóng)民恢復(fù)生產(chǎn),政府低價(jià)向農(nóng)民借貸糧食、耕牛、工具,甚至減免災(zāi)民債務(wù)等措施,鼓勵(lì)農(nóng)民承租耕地,號(hào)召本鄉(xiāng)流民災(zāi)后復(fù)業(yè),并招徠外地流民進(jìn)入漢江上游地區(qū)墾荒就食,以減少土地荒廢,增加財(cái)政和賦稅收入。
[Abstract]:The upper reaches of the Hanjiang River area is a natural disaster prone areas, based on the historical records of the historical period, from 208BC to 2010AD of various natural disasters in upper reaches of Hanjiang River area as the basis, including flood, drought, hail disasters, geological disasters, pests, frost and so on, analyzes the characteristics of all kinds of natural disasters, the frequency of occurrence of the season with the month characteristics, disaster reason. Since the historical period, the upper reaches of the Hanjiang River area of the disaster shows many kinds of disasters of flood and drought disasters;; frequency, frequent; secondary disasters, and disaster is more serious. For a long period since the historical period, natural disasters are important factors restricting the social reproduction of Hanjiang River the upstream region. Disasters bring great impact on the upper reaches of the Hanjiang River area of the society.
First of all, the impact of disasters in the region population and physical quality. The upper reaches of the Hanjiang River area due to traffic, location, history and other reasons, the slow pace of economic development, historical period the sparsely populated. When disasters occur, a large number of deaths will lead to population and disaster victims out from hunger, the population was severely reduced, population changes frequently occur; secondly the victims of the famine will inevitably lead to a poor quality of life, physical decline.
Secondly, the frequent occurrence of disasters caused great losses to the region's social and economic performance. In the grain production even crops; reduce the labor force, land abandonment, recovery of reproduction difficulties; land abandonment, and lead to serious rural land down, land annexation is serious, and the famine years of rural usury, rural economic chaos; farming barren the industrial and commercial economy, the lack of raw materials, and the victims of disaster year decline in purchasing power, industrial and commercial economic development is slow, social economy fades the disadvantages.
Once again, natural disasters, social disorder. All kinds of disasters occurred, often is the most direct impact on the food production, cause the famine hit areas of the upper reaches of the Hanjiang River, the victims in order to survive, to sell one's wife and daughter, and even eat flesh, the traditional ethics and morality by the severe impact of famine: after frequent changes the population has to a certain extent, disrupting social order, increase government management difficult; famine, victims often rob food, rent, eat big behavior, even more serious when will rise up, a peasant uprising.
In addition, the frequent occurrence of natural disasters, and the history of disaster people lack of scientific understanding, do not know the correct treatment method, since the historical period, the upper reaches of the Hanjiang River area there is a special and customs. For example, after the rain drought, flood and drought expulsion behavior; "so great days" Qi Qing; locust plague worship God of locusts, bynon God except locust; and some places of the common customs, these customs form is not scientific, but also to some extent reflects people's labor in the formation of long-term disasters when the disaster relief thought.
Finally, the disaster victims of hunger, famine and government attract refugee immigration policy, has brought a large number of population movements, but also promote cultural exchanges in different regions. For example, customs, dialects, the spread of agricultural technology.
The upper reaches of the Hanjiang River area government and society in disaster response, mainly in three aspects: (1) disaster before the disaster prevention. Such as water conservancy, flood control and drought periods in this area, built a large number of ancient weir, and aqueducts; from the earliest period of the Three Kingdoms have forbidden forest measures to during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, pay more attention to; and policy in good years. (2) for the storage of the disaster, the government and folk 'positive relief, such as relief, relief food, porridge, so, clothing and other relief; government regulation of grain, flat prices; the government reduced farmers' taxes, land rent and other policies to reduce disaster when the farmers' burden. (3) after the disaster, to encourage farmers to resume production, the government price to farmers borrowing grain, cattle, tools, and even the victims relief measures such as debt, encourage farmers to lease land, call the Township after the disaster recovery and refugees, to attract foreign refugees into the Han River In the upper reaches of reclamation for eating, to reduce their land and increase the fiscal revenue.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：X43

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