基于利益集團視角的城鄉(xiāng)收入差距問題研究
發(fā)布時間：2019-02-15 03:41
【摘要】：我國自古以來就是農(nóng)業(yè)大國,農(nóng)民是我國社會的重要組成部分。農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展、農(nóng)村的繁榮、農(nóng)民的富裕幸福對于國家繁榮穩(wěn)定具有重要意義。建國后政府出于戰(zhàn)略考慮,提出優(yōu)先發(fā)展工業(yè),并采取“工農(nóng)剪刀差”等方式用農(nóng)業(yè)剩余補貼工業(yè),扶持工業(yè)發(fā)展,結(jié)果使城鄉(xiāng)收入差距問題日趨嚴峻。改革開放以來,城鄉(xiāng)人均可支配收入呈擴大趨勢。1978年時城市居民人均可支配收入為343元,農(nóng)村居民人均可支配收入為133元,城市居民人均可支配收入比農(nóng)村居民高210元。到2012年,城市居民人均可支配收入為24565元,農(nóng)村居民可支配收入為7917元,兩者的差距擴大到16648元。改革開放34年城鄉(xiāng)人均可支配收入差額擴大了約79.3倍。世界銀行報告顯示,在全世界絕大多數(shù)國家,城鄉(xiāng)居民收入比約為1.3,世界上城鄉(xiāng)收入比大于2.0的僅有兩個國家。而我國城鄉(xiāng)居民收入比自1978年以來基本維持在2.46—3.15之間。 我國巨大的城鄉(xiāng)收入差距制約了農(nóng)村居民消費水平的提高、影響到我國經(jīng)濟的健康可持續(xù)發(fā)展,而且巨大的城鄉(xiāng)收入差距易導致農(nóng)村居民心理失衡,進而引發(fā)一系列社會問題。因此,縮小我國城鄉(xiāng)收入差距迫在眉睫。 學界關(guān)于城鄉(xiāng)收入差距問題產(chǎn)生的原因分析有工農(nóng)剪刀差說、城鄉(xiāng)戶籍制度說、農(nóng)村人多地少的國情說等理論。這些理論一定程度上解釋我國城鄉(xiāng)收入差距懸殊現(xiàn)象存在的原因,不過沒有觸及到問題的根源。本文認為,城鄉(xiāng)收入差距問題的出現(xiàn)歸根結(jié)底是由于政策形成過程中農(nóng)民利益集團的缺位,農(nóng)民不能發(fā)出自己的聲音,維護自身的生存權(quán)和發(fā)展權(quán)。文章首先從城鄉(xiāng)居民人均收入差距大、城鄉(xiāng)居民收入增長速度差距大兩個方面介紹了我國城鄉(xiāng)收入差距問題的現(xiàn)狀,并分析了城鄉(xiāng)收入差距問題對產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)、經(jīng)濟增長和社會穩(wěn)定的影響；其次,文章對城鄉(xiāng)收入差距問題相關(guān)主體以及三者的博弈過程進行了分析,指出城鄉(xiāng)利益集團實力不均衡導致政府制定出城市偏向政策,進而產(chǎn)生城鄉(xiāng)收入差距問題,比如工農(nóng)剪刀差、城鄉(xiāng)戶籍等制度在形成過程中,由于農(nóng)民利益集團的缺位,城市利益集團在參與制度設計時擁有絕對的發(fā)言權(quán),導致國家在利益分配時向城市傾斜,并把這種情況以法律的形式固定下來,維持到今天,導致城鄉(xiāng)收入差距問題愈發(fā)嚴峻；第三,由于城鄉(xiāng)收入差距是城鄉(xiāng)利益集團實力不均衡而導致政府在制定政策時向城市傾斜制形成城市偏向政策而引致的,所以城鄉(xiāng)收入差距問題的解決要從糾正城市偏向政策和提高農(nóng)民組織化水平著手,因此,本文從進行城鄉(xiāng)統(tǒng)籌的制度安排和提高農(nóng)民組織化水平兩個維度提出縮小城鄉(xiāng)收入差距問題的政策建議。
[Abstract]:China has been an agricultural country since ancient times, and farmers are an important part of our society. The development of agriculture, the prosperity of the countryside and the prosperity and happiness of the peasants are of great significance to the prosperity and stability of the country. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, the government proposed to give priority to the development of industry, and to use agricultural surplus subsidy to support industrial development by means of "industrial and agricultural scissors difference". As a result, the income gap between urban and rural areas became more and more serious. Since the reform and opening up, the per capita disposable income of urban and rural residents has been increasing. In 1978, the per capita disposable income of urban residents was 343 yuan, that of rural residents was 133 yuan, and the per capita disposable income of urban residents was 210 yuan higher than that of rural residents. By 2012, the per capita disposable income of urban residents was 24565 yuan, while that of rural residents was 7917 yuan, widening the gap to 16648 yuan. In 34 years of reform and opening up, the per capita disposable income gap between urban and rural areas increased by about 79.3 times. The World Bank reports that in the vast majority of countries around the world, the urban-rural income ratio is about 1.3, and only two countries in the world have urban-rural income ratios greater than 2.0. The income ratio of urban and rural residents in China has remained between 2.46 and 3.15 since 1978. The huge urban-rural income gap restricts the improvement of the consumption level of rural residents and affects the healthy and sustainable development of our economy. Moreover, the huge urban-rural income gap can easily lead to the psychological imbalance of rural residents and lead to a series of social problems. Therefore, it is urgent to narrow the income gap between urban and rural areas. The reasons for the problem of income gap between urban and rural areas in academic circles are: the theory of cutting knife difference between workers and peasants, the theory of urban and rural household registration system, the theory of the national conditions of rural people with a large number of land and less land, and so on. To some extent, these theories explain the existence of the disparity between urban and rural income, but do not touch the root of the problem. In the final analysis, the problem of urban-rural income gap is due to the absence of farmers' interest groups in the process of policy formation, and farmers cannot make their own voices and safeguard their rights to survival and development. This paper first introduces the current situation of income gap between urban and rural areas from two aspects: the gap of income per capita between urban and rural residents and the gap of income growth rate between urban and rural residents, and analyzes the industrial structure of urban-rural income gap. The impact of economic growth and social stability; Secondly, the paper analyzes the related subjects of urban-rural income gap and their game process, and points out that the imbalance of the strength of urban and rural interest groups leads the government to formulate a policy of urban bias, which leads to the problem of urban-rural income gap. For example, in the process of forming such systems as industrial and agricultural scissors and household registration in urban and rural areas, due to the absence of peasant interest groups, urban interest groups have an absolute right of say in the design of the system, resulting in the country tilting towards the city in the distribution of interests. And this situation is fixed in the form of law, which leads to the problem of income gap between urban and rural areas becoming more and more serious. Third, the income gap between urban and rural areas is caused by the imbalance of the strength of urban and rural interest groups, which results in the government inclining to the city in formulating policies and resulting in a policy of urban bias. Therefore, to solve the problem of urban-rural income gap, we should start with correcting the policy of urban bias and raising the level of farmers' organization. Therefore, This paper puts forward some policy suggestions on narrowing the income gap between urban and rural areas from the two aspects of the institutional arrangement of urban and rural planning and the improvement of farmers' organizational level.
【學位授予單位】：安徽大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：F124.7
本文編號：2422924
[Abstract]:China has been an agricultural country since ancient times, and farmers are an important part of our society. The development of agriculture, the prosperity of the countryside and the prosperity and happiness of the peasants are of great significance to the prosperity and stability of the country. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, the government proposed to give priority to the development of industry, and to use agricultural surplus subsidy to support industrial development by means of "industrial and agricultural scissors difference". As a result, the income gap between urban and rural areas became more and more serious. Since the reform and opening up, the per capita disposable income of urban and rural residents has been increasing. In 1978, the per capita disposable income of urban residents was 343 yuan, that of rural residents was 133 yuan, and the per capita disposable income of urban residents was 210 yuan higher than that of rural residents. By 2012, the per capita disposable income of urban residents was 24565 yuan, while that of rural residents was 7917 yuan, widening the gap to 16648 yuan. In 34 years of reform and opening up, the per capita disposable income gap between urban and rural areas increased by about 79.3 times. The World Bank reports that in the vast majority of countries around the world, the urban-rural income ratio is about 1.3, and only two countries in the world have urban-rural income ratios greater than 2.0. The income ratio of urban and rural residents in China has remained between 2.46 and 3.15 since 1978. The huge urban-rural income gap restricts the improvement of the consumption level of rural residents and affects the healthy and sustainable development of our economy. Moreover, the huge urban-rural income gap can easily lead to the psychological imbalance of rural residents and lead to a series of social problems. Therefore, it is urgent to narrow the income gap between urban and rural areas. The reasons for the problem of income gap between urban and rural areas in academic circles are: the theory of cutting knife difference between workers and peasants, the theory of urban and rural household registration system, the theory of the national conditions of rural people with a large number of land and less land, and so on. To some extent, these theories explain the existence of the disparity between urban and rural income, but do not touch the root of the problem. In the final analysis, the problem of urban-rural income gap is due to the absence of farmers' interest groups in the process of policy formation, and farmers cannot make their own voices and safeguard their rights to survival and development. This paper first introduces the current situation of income gap between urban and rural areas from two aspects: the gap of income per capita between urban and rural residents and the gap of income growth rate between urban and rural residents, and analyzes the industrial structure of urban-rural income gap. The impact of economic growth and social stability; Secondly, the paper analyzes the related subjects of urban-rural income gap and their game process, and points out that the imbalance of the strength of urban and rural interest groups leads the government to formulate a policy of urban bias, which leads to the problem of urban-rural income gap. For example, in the process of forming such systems as industrial and agricultural scissors and household registration in urban and rural areas, due to the absence of peasant interest groups, urban interest groups have an absolute right of say in the design of the system, resulting in the country tilting towards the city in the distribution of interests. And this situation is fixed in the form of law, which leads to the problem of income gap between urban and rural areas becoming more and more serious. Third, the income gap between urban and rural areas is caused by the imbalance of the strength of urban and rural interest groups, which results in the government inclining to the city in formulating policies and resulting in a policy of urban bias. Therefore, to solve the problem of urban-rural income gap, we should start with correcting the policy of urban bias and raising the level of farmers' organization. Therefore, This paper puts forward some policy suggestions on narrowing the income gap between urban and rural areas from the two aspects of the institutional arrangement of urban and rural planning and the improvement of farmers' organizational level.
【學位授予單位】：安徽大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：F124.7
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