本文選題：二元經(jīng)濟(jì) + 二元經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換　； 參考：《西南財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)》2013年博士論文

【摘要】：二元經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)是指城市現(xiàn)代部門與農(nóng)村傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)部門并存的經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)。發(fā)展中國(guó)家在經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)與結(jié)構(gòu)演變中都必須經(jīng)歷這個(gè)階段,這反映了發(fā)展中國(guó)家結(jié)構(gòu)成長(zhǎng)上的“先天不足”。發(fā)展中國(guó)家在工業(yè)化階段面臨的主要任務(wù)就是對(duì)這種落后的國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行改造,使異質(zhì)的二元經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)向同質(zhì)的一元經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換。中國(guó)作為一個(gè)發(fā)展中大國(guó),二元經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)是國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的基本特征。建國(guó)后,中國(guó)政府推行了重工業(yè)優(yōu)先發(fā)展的經(jīng)濟(jì)戰(zhàn)略,結(jié)果加大了二元經(jīng)濟(jì)的結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)度。而十一屆三中全會(huì)后,中國(guó)以市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制為方向進(jìn)行了從農(nóng)村到城市的全面改革,結(jié)果二元經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)度得到了很大程度的緩解。但跟發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家相比,目前我國(guó)的二元經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)特征明顯；跟我們同水平的發(fā)展中國(guó)家相比,二元經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換速度緩慢。二元轉(zhuǎn)換的滯后帶來(lái)了經(jīng)濟(jì)生活中諸多癥結(jié)性問(wèn)題：經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中的資源環(huán)境與市場(chǎng)需求的雙重約束；勞動(dòng)力資源配置與利用中的城鄉(xiāng)雙重就業(yè)壓力；經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的速度與質(zhì)量難以兼顧等等。因此推進(jìn)二元經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換不僅對(duì)于解決長(zhǎng)期制約中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的“三農(nóng)問(wèn)題”具有十分重要的意義,而且可以緩解目前經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行中的有效需求不足、就業(yè)壓力等問(wèn)題�；诖�,本文以馬克思主義經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的研究方法為根本,從內(nèi)生的角度探析了我國(guó)二元經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)換的動(dòng)力與途徑。 二元經(jīng)濟(jì)最主要的特征是二元反差。從經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)上理解二元反差首先代表的是一種差異,但傳統(tǒng)的二元經(jīng)濟(jì)理論只強(qiáng)調(diào)城市現(xiàn)代部門與農(nóng)村傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)部門之間的部門差異這一對(duì)立,而沒(méi)有對(duì)二元反差進(jìn)行多維度的探析,更沒(méi)有結(jié)合發(fā)展中國(guó)家的現(xiàn)實(shí)說(shuō)明差異的具體表現(xiàn)。結(jié)合中國(guó)的情況,可以歸納出二元反差的三個(gè)維度與表現(xiàn)形式：一為傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)部門與現(xiàn)代非農(nóng)部門之間的對(duì)立,具體表現(xiàn)為兩大部門的生產(chǎn)率差距；二是農(nóng)業(yè)勞動(dòng)力與非農(nóng)勞動(dòng)力之間的對(duì)立,它通常表現(xiàn)為城鄉(xiāng)居民收入上的差距,在我國(guó)可以用城鄉(xiāng)居民收入比、差值基尼系數(shù)等衡量；三是城市與農(nóng)村的對(duì)立,這種對(duì)立表現(xiàn)為城市與農(nóng)村之間發(fā)展水平上的地域差距,不僅表現(xiàn)在經(jīng)濟(jì)方面,還表現(xiàn)在政治、文化等方面,農(nóng)村發(fā)展水平滯后于城市。從馬克思主義哲學(xué)上理解,二元反差代表的又是一組矛盾,這些矛盾存在著二元經(jīng)濟(jì)體中,既對(duì)立又統(tǒng)一,會(huì)推動(dòng)二元經(jīng)濟(jì)向一元經(jīng)濟(jì)的轉(zhuǎn)換。這就是二元經(jīng)濟(jì)向一元經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)換的內(nèi)在動(dòng)力。在不同的動(dòng)力驅(qū)使下,二元轉(zhuǎn)換的路徑也會(huì)呈現(xiàn)出多元性。研究思路與研究框架通過(guò)如此安排,發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的二元經(jīng)濟(jì)理論與馬克思經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的矛盾分析方法有效結(jié)合在了一起,三個(gè)分析的視角在本文自然展開(kāi)。 第一個(gè)視角是農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)移與二元結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換。從就業(yè)主體的維度考察我國(guó)的二元反差,它直接表現(xiàn)為農(nóng)民的人均純收入低于城市居民的人均可支配性收入,兩者的差距必然導(dǎo)致農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力向非農(nóng)產(chǎn)業(yè)的轉(zhuǎn)移。將農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)移到非農(nóng)就業(yè)對(duì)促進(jìn)農(nóng)村居民增收有兩方面的作用：一方面非農(nóng)產(chǎn)業(yè)收入普通高于務(wù)農(nóng)收入,因此可以直接增加農(nóng)村居民的收入；另一方面,農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力的轉(zhuǎn)移減少了農(nóng)業(yè)勞動(dòng)力,從而有利于農(nóng)業(yè)勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率的提高,增加農(nóng)民收入。通過(guò)這兩種作用,二元經(jīng)濟(jì)的反差得以緩解。為此本文進(jìn)行了三方面的實(shí)證分析：一是討論二元反差程度對(duì)城鄉(xiāng)收入差距的收入分配效應(yīng)。結(jié)果證實(shí)二元對(duì)比系數(shù)與城鄉(xiāng)收入比和城鄉(xiāng)差值系數(shù)負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系明顯；二是用誤差修正模型分析了城鄉(xiāng)收入差距與農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力非農(nóng)轉(zhuǎn)移之間的影響效應(yīng)。分析結(jié)果表明,我國(guó)農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力非農(nóng)就業(yè)人數(shù)的變化與城鄉(xiāng)差值基尼系數(shù)的變化在長(zhǎng)期中存在著均衡關(guān)系,差值基尼系數(shù)代表的城鄉(xiāng)差距越大,農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力非農(nóng)轉(zhuǎn)移的人數(shù)增加得越多。三是農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力非農(nóng)轉(zhuǎn)移對(duì)二元經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換的影響效應(yīng)。VAR模型的分析結(jié)果證實(shí)我國(guó)農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力非農(nóng)轉(zhuǎn)移有利于二元經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)換,脈沖響應(yīng)函數(shù)的沖擊效應(yīng)也顯示農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力非農(nóng)轉(zhuǎn)移的人數(shù)對(duì)二元反差指數(shù)有穩(wěn)定的負(fù)沖擊效應(yīng)。在此基礎(chǔ)上,本文論述了農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)移的三種途徑：一是農(nóng)民“離土不離鄉(xiāng)”的鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)就業(yè)模式；二是“既離土又離鄉(xiāng)”的進(jìn)城務(wù)工模式,即農(nóng)民工；三是農(nóng)村家庭的非農(nóng)經(jīng)營(yíng)模式。最后提出了有利于農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力非永久性轉(zhuǎn)移、加快農(nóng)民工市民化與農(nóng)民退出機(jī)制的建設(shè)內(nèi)容。 第二個(gè)視角是傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化與二元結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換。從產(chǎn)業(yè)的維度考察我國(guó)的二元反差,它表現(xiàn)為是落后的農(nóng)業(yè)與發(fā)達(dá)的非農(nóng)產(chǎn)業(yè)之間的生產(chǎn)率差距,這一差距必然表現(xiàn)為二元對(duì)比系數(shù)偏小。換句話說(shuō),農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)值占國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)總產(chǎn)值的比重太小,而吸納的勞動(dòng)力人數(shù)占就業(yè)總?cè)藬?shù)的比重又過(guò)高。所以實(shí)現(xiàn)傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)的現(xiàn)代化可以提高農(nóng)民的務(wù)農(nóng)收入,也是改善二元經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)的重要途徑。基于此,本文對(duì)西奧多·舒爾茨與黃宗智的理論評(píng)述與分析的基礎(chǔ)上,從人地關(guān)系緊張的資源稟賦出發(fā),用經(jīng)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)證實(shí)了中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)的“內(nèi)卷”困境～低邊際生產(chǎn)力。并認(rèn)為19世紀(jì)80年代開(kāi)始以來(lái)持續(xù)增加的非農(nóng)就業(yè),城鄉(xiāng)居民食物消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)型帶來(lái)的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)的改變是改善人地關(guān)系緊張的內(nèi)在動(dòng)力。再加上人口轉(zhuǎn)型的外力影響,中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)可以走出困境,但途徑不是美國(guó)式的土地密集的大農(nóng)場(chǎng),而應(yīng)該是適度規(guī)模的家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)及其以家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)為生產(chǎn)基礎(chǔ)的縱向一體化組織：“公式+農(nóng)戶”、專業(yè)合作社與政府組織的專業(yè)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)。最后從支持農(nóng)業(yè)、構(gòu)建現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)體系、實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化經(jīng)營(yíng)等方面提出了政策建議。 第三個(gè)視角是城鄉(xiāng)融合發(fā)展與二元結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換。從地域的維度考察我國(guó)的二元經(jīng)濟(jì)反差,它是指農(nóng)村與城市的差距,這表現(xiàn)在生活水平、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、公共服務(wù)與環(huán)保水平等方面農(nóng)村的發(fā)展滯后于城市。所以落后的農(nóng)村如果能發(fā)展成為城市,或者發(fā)達(dá)的城市通過(guò)輻射與擴(kuò)張到周邊農(nóng)村進(jìn)而帶動(dòng)其城市化,那么這種城鄉(xiāng)融合的城市化也能改善二元經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)。為此本文從中國(guó)二元經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換的經(jīng)驗(yàn)事實(shí)出發(fā),分析了城鄉(xiāng)融合發(fā)展的兩種主要?jiǎng)恿εc途徑：一是以鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)為主要載體的鄉(xiāng)村工業(yè)大發(fā)展,進(jìn)而聚集所推動(dòng)的小城鎮(zhèn)建設(shè),理論與實(shí)證的分析結(jié)果都證實(shí),從19世紀(jì)80年代初到90年代末,它是我國(guó)城市化率提高的重要因素。二是城市經(jīng)濟(jì)的集聚與擴(kuò)散效應(yīng)所促進(jìn)的城市化率的提高,理論與實(shí)證分析表明大中城市向城市郊區(qū)的擴(kuò)散所帶來(lái)的效應(yīng)十分顯著。在此基礎(chǔ)上,文章還用休閑產(chǎn)業(yè)的“農(nóng)家樂(lè)”為例分析了一種新的城鄉(xiāng)融合形式,即農(nóng)業(yè)與非農(nóng)產(chǎn)業(yè)互不吞噬對(duì)方的前提下,兩者在城鄉(xiāng)結(jié)合部的融合集聚所導(dǎo)致的城鄉(xiāng)融合。并認(rèn)為這種途徑是一種可持續(xù)的、綠色低碳的城鄉(xiāng)融合道路。 以上三個(gè)視角的分析表明,促使二元經(jīng)濟(jì)向一元經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)換的內(nèi)在矛盾是多維的,二元經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)換的途徑注定也是多維的。為了早日實(shí)現(xiàn)中國(guó)二元經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)換,就應(yīng)當(dāng)提倡堅(jiān)持走多元化的二元轉(zhuǎn)換道路。即揚(yáng)棄那種在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中非此即彼、片面強(qiáng)調(diào)某一發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的傳統(tǒng)思維,通過(guò)多種途徑、多種方式來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)二元經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換。把農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力的鄉(xiāng)城轉(zhuǎn)移、傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)的現(xiàn)代化、城鄉(xiāng)融合的城市化三者有效地結(jié)合在一起。 本文的創(chuàng)新點(diǎn)主要在于以下三個(gè)方面：一是研究視角的新穎。把研究的重心放在“轉(zhuǎn)換”二字上,并從內(nèi)生的角度揭示轉(zhuǎn)換的動(dòng)力與途徑；二是結(jié)論上的新見(jiàn)解。認(rèn)為二元經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)換的內(nèi)生動(dòng)力在于二元經(jīng)濟(jì)體中的內(nèi)部矛盾。中國(guó)二元經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換有三種內(nèi)在動(dòng)力：一是農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力由于城鄉(xiāng)收入差距的非農(nóng)轉(zhuǎn)移；二是中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)走出“內(nèi)卷”困境的內(nèi)在動(dòng)力-人地關(guān)系改善背景下的農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)模式與組織模式的創(chuàng)新；三是城鄉(xiāng)融合促進(jìn)的城市化,其內(nèi)在動(dòng)力為鄉(xiāng)村工業(yè)化促進(jìn)的小城鎮(zhèn)建設(shè)與城市經(jīng)濟(jì)的集聚與擴(kuò)散效應(yīng)。三是政策結(jié)論上的創(chuàng)新,主張走二元經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換的多元化道路。
[Abstract]:The two - dimensional economic structure refers to the economic structure of the coexistence of the urban modern department and the rural traditional agricultural sector . The developing countries must go through this stage in the development of economic growth and structure . The main task of developing countries in the industrialization stage is to transform the backwardness national economy structure to the homogeneous one - element economic structure . After the founding of the Eleventh Central Committee , the Chinese government has carried out the comprehensive reform from the countryside to the city with the market economic system .
Compared with the developing countries , the transformation rate of binary economy is slow . The lag of binary transformation brings many problems in economic life : the dual restriction of resource environment and market demand in economic development ;
Dual employment pressure between urban and rural areas in the allocation and utilization of labor force ;
Therefore , it is very important to promote the transformation of the two - dimensional economic structure not only to solve the problem of " three agricultural problems " which restrict the economic development of China for a long time , but also to alleviate the problems of insufficient effective demand and pressure of employment in the current economic operation .

The main characteristics of the two - dimensional economy are the duality contrast . It is the difference between the traditional two - dimensional economic theory that the difference is first represented by the duality contrast , but the traditional duality economic theory only emphasizes the difference between the modern department of the city and the traditional agricultural sector of the rural area , but does not have the concrete expression of the difference of the real explanation of the developing countries .
Second , the contradiction between the agricultural labor force and the non - agricultural labor force , which is usually manifested as the gap between the urban and rural residents ' income , can be measured by the income ratio of the urban and rural residents , the difference of the coefficient of the difference , etc . ;
Third , the opposition between urban and rural areas shows that the gap between urban and rural development lies not only in economy , but also in politics , culture and so on .

The first angle of view is the transfer of rural labor force and the transformation of binary structure . From the perspective of the subject of employment , the duality contrast of our country is studied . It shows that the net income per person is lower than the disposable income of the urban residents . The gap between them will inevitably lead to the transfer of rural labor force to the non - agricultural industry .
On the other hand , the transfer of rural labor force has reduced the agricultural labor force , thus being beneficial to the improvement of agricultural labor productivity and increasing farmers ' income .
Based on the analysis of VAR model , it is proved that rural labor non - farm transfer is beneficial to the transformation of dual economic structure , and the impact of impulse response function shows that the rural labor force non - farm transfer is beneficial to the transformation of binary economy structure .
The second is the urban migrant worker mode , namely the migrant workers , which is " separated from the soil " ;
The third is the non - agricultural operation mode of the rural families . Finally , the article puts forward the construction content which is beneficial to the non - permanent transfer of rural labor force and speed up the peasant worker ' s urbanization and the peasant withdrawal mechanism .

The second angle of view is the transformation of traditional agricultural modernization and dual structure . From the perspective of industry , the duality contrast of China is studied . It shows that agricultural output value is too small , and the proportion of agricultural production structure is too high .

The third angle of view is the development of urban and rural integration and the transformation of binary structure . From the perspective of geography , it is pointed out that the rural development is lagging behind the city .

The analysis of the above three angles shows that the inherent contradiction of the transformation of the binary economy to the one - dollar economy is multidimensional , and the way of binary economic transformation is destined to be multi - dimensional . In order to realize the transformation of China ' s binary economic structure at an early date , we should advocate to adhere to the two - dimensional transformation road of diversification .

The innovation point of this paper lies in the following three aspects : one is the novelty of the research angle of view , the focus of the research is put on the " transformation " two words , and the power and the way of the transformation are revealed from the endogenous angle ;
The second is the new opinion on the conclusion that the endogenous power of the transformation of the binary economy lies in the internal contradictions in the binary economy . There are three internal forces in the transformation of the two - dimensional economic structure : one is the non - agricultural transfer of the rural labor force due to the gap between urban and rural income ;
Second , China ' s traditional agriculture goes out of the internal power of " inner volume " predicament and the innovation of agricultural operation mode and organization mode in the context of human - land relationship improvement ;
The third is the urbanization of urban and rural integration , in which the power is the small town construction promoted by the rural industrialization and the agglomeration and diffusion effect of the urban economy . The third is the innovation in the policy conclusion , and advocates the diversification of the transformation of the dual economic structure .
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：F124

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