本文選題：消費(fèi)水平 + 家庭碳排放譜�。� 參考：《華東師范大學(xué)》2014年博士論文

【摘要】：應(yīng)對氣候變暖、控制CO2排放已成為世界各國面臨共同的挑戰(zhàn)。隨著人們生活水平的不斷提高,家庭消費(fèi)引起的碳排放量迅速增加。發(fā)達(dá)國家的經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明,隨著生活水平的提升,家庭能源消耗的比重將上升,最終會(huì)超過工業(yè)用能。作為社會(huì)終端消費(fèi)的基本單元,家庭消費(fèi)引起的碳排放越來越不容忽視,家庭碳排放水平?jīng)Q定著未來我國低碳發(fā)展進(jìn)程。在這樣的背景下,本文選擇以家庭消費(fèi)作為研究對象探討碳排放和碳減排。 圍繞消費(fèi)水平差異下的家庭碳排放譜這一研究主題,論文提出了四個(gè)核心議題：一是,鑒于我國典型的城鄉(xiāng)二元結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn),城鄉(xiāng)居民家庭碳排放存在什么樣的差異?城鄉(xiāng)居民家庭碳排放差異的原因是什么?二是,我國省際之間消費(fèi)水平差異較大,家庭碳排放存在什么樣的區(qū)域差異?不同地區(qū)的居民家庭碳排放與經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平之間呈現(xiàn)什么樣的關(guān)系?三是,不同收入群體家庭碳排放的差異有多大?導(dǎo)致不同收入水平群體家庭碳排放差距的主要原因是什么?四是,從終端用途來看家庭碳排放結(jié)構(gòu)呈現(xiàn)什么樣的演變特征?以上核心議題構(gòu)成了本文研究的主要內(nèi)容。 論文共分為八章對上述四個(gè)核心議題進(jìn)行研究,前兩章為理論基礎(chǔ)部分,為后續(xù)的實(shí)證分析提供理論支撐和分析框架。第三章到第七章為實(shí)證研究部分,其中第三章到第五章分別從城鄉(xiāng)、省際和不同收入群體三個(gè)層面研究消費(fèi)水平差異的家庭碳排放譜；第六章和第七章分別從不同視角研究家庭碳減排策略。最后一章為全文的總結(jié)和展望。通過研究,本文得出主要結(jié)論如下： (1)城鄉(xiāng)居民生活方式的不同,導(dǎo)致城鎮(zhèn)居民家庭碳排放以間接碳排放為主,而農(nóng)村居民以直接碳排放為主。人口規(guī)模、人均能耗水平和城鄉(xiāng)能耗結(jié)構(gòu)差異因素一直在推動(dòng)城、鄉(xiāng)居民直接碳排放差距的擴(kuò)大。人均消費(fèi)水平在擴(kuò)大城鄉(xiāng)間接碳排放差異方面起到正效應(yīng)作用,而人口規(guī)模和消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)差異起著負(fù)效應(yīng)作用。城鎮(zhèn)化發(fā)展有利于家庭直接碳排放的減少,不利于家庭間接碳排放的減少。提高城鎮(zhèn)化水平的同時(shí),通過技術(shù)進(jìn)步降低居民消費(fèi)商品(或服務(wù))的碳排放強(qiáng)度,從而減少城鎮(zhèn)化水平上升過程中居民消費(fèi)增長導(dǎo)致的碳排放量大幅度增加。 (2)我國家庭碳排放存在空間上的不平衡性,人均直接碳排放呈現(xiàn)“北部、東南高,中部、西南低”空間格局,人均間接碳排放總體呈現(xiàn)“東高,中部及東北地區(qū)次之、西低”空間格局。受氣候條件、能源供應(yīng)結(jié)構(gòu)等因素影響,我國家庭用煤、用氣、用油、用熱、用電碳排放存在顯著空間差異。我國各省家庭碳排放水平與經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平呈現(xiàn)正相關(guān)性。用電、居住和食品消費(fèi)是我國各地區(qū)家庭碳排放的主要來源。發(fā)達(dá)省份居民家庭間接碳排放主要集中在居住、交通通信等發(fā)展型消費(fèi)所誘發(fā)的碳排放,而欠發(fā)達(dá)省份居民家庭間接碳排放主要集中在食品、衣著等生存型消費(fèi)所誘發(fā)的碳排放。 (3)收入水平是造成不同群體家庭碳排放差異的主要原因。收入水平的上升,一方面帶來人們出行方式的改變,當(dāng)收入達(dá)到一定水平,人們會(huì)更多的選擇私家車出行,私家車出行產(chǎn)生的碳排放大幅增長是造成高收入家庭直接碳排放遠(yuǎn)高于低收入家庭的主要原因；另一方面帶來人們消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)的變化,從滿足基本生活需求逐步向交通通信、文教娛樂等高端消費(fèi)轉(zhuǎn)變,交通通信、居住和文教娛樂消費(fèi)等誘發(fā)的碳排放迅速增加是造成高收入家庭間接碳排放遠(yuǎn)高于低收入家庭的主要原因。 (4)隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展,人們生活水平不斷提高,上海城鎮(zhèn)居民家庭能耗的主體部分已經(jīng)從以炊事熱水為主的居住能耗轉(zhuǎn)向私家車出行的交通能耗。盡管目前上海城鎮(zhèn)居民家庭居住能耗遠(yuǎn)低于發(fā)達(dá)國家,但要避免城鎮(zhèn)居民效仿西方生活方式帶來的高能耗鎖定。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),伴隨著生活水平的提高,上海城鎮(zhèn)居民家庭碳排放量呈現(xiàn)上升趨勢。其中,家庭用電一直是家庭碳排放最大的部分,用電產(chǎn)生的碳排放占到家庭碳排放總量的一半以上。從終端用途碳排放結(jié)構(gòu)演變看,私家車出行產(chǎn)生的碳排放量增長最快,而家用電器產(chǎn)生的碳排放是家庭碳排放最大的部分。 (5)隨著城鎮(zhèn)化的推進(jìn),家庭直接碳排放譜呈現(xiàn)出“傳統(tǒng)能源碳排放量迅速下降、私家車碳排放量迅速增加”的變化特征；家庭間接碳排放譜呈現(xiàn)出“生存性消費(fèi)(如食品)碳排放比重下降、發(fā)展性消費(fèi)(如交通通信、文教娛樂)碳排放比重上升”的變化特征。國家在政策制定上應(yīng)該加大引導(dǎo)居民合理的消費(fèi)理念,避免奢侈性消費(fèi)和過度消費(fèi)傾向,可以借鑒居民階梯電價(jià)、階梯水價(jià)制度,適時(shí)推出階梯家庭碳稅制度,以保障居民家庭基本生存碳消費(fèi)、并體現(xiàn)改善和提高居民家庭生活質(zhì)量的發(fā)展性碳消費(fèi)以及遏制居民家庭奢侈性碳消費(fèi)。 本研究的主要貢獻(xiàn)為：(1)論文基于家庭消費(fèi)視角,借鑒社會(huì)學(xué)中“譜”的概念,將其引入到家庭碳排放研究中,結(jié)合我國城鄉(xiāng)二元結(jié)構(gòu)、區(qū)域差異顯著等特征,分別從城鄉(xiāng)、省際和不同收入群體三個(gè)層面完整地探討了消費(fèi)水平差異下的家庭碳排放譜,彌補(bǔ)了學(xué)術(shù)界對家庭消費(fèi)領(lǐng)域碳排放關(guān)注的不足,充實(shí)了我國關(guān)于家庭消費(fèi)碳排放問題的研究。(2)構(gòu)建了家庭終端用途碳排放的分析方法。論文通過建立HTCM模型,將家庭用能行為與家庭碳排放結(jié)合起來,有助于居民清晰認(rèn)識(shí)冬季取暖、炊事、家用電器、私家車出行等哪些終端用能對家庭碳排放的貢獻(xiàn)最大,明確家庭碳減排的重點(diǎn)從而更有針對性降低碳排放,為居民建立低碳生活模式提供參考。
[Abstract]:In response to climate warming, control of CO2 emissions has become a common challenge for all countries in the world. With the continuous improvement of people's living standards, the carbon emissions caused by household consumption have increased rapidly. The experience of developed countries shows that with the improvement of living standards, the proportion of household energy consumption will rise, which will eventually exceed industrial energy. As a social end, it will end as a social end. The basic unit of end consumption, the carbon emissions caused by household consumption can not be ignored, and the level of family carbon emission determines the process of low carbon development in the future. Under this background, this paper chooses household consumption as the research object to discuss carbon emission and carbon emission reduction.
According to the theme of family carbon emission spectrum, four key issues are put forward: first, in view of the typical urban and rural two yuan structure characteristics, what are the differences in carbon emissions between urban and rural households? What are the reasons for the difference in urban and rural households' carbon emissions? Two, China's inter provincial consumption level What kind of regional differences are there in family carbon emissions? What is the relationship between household carbon emissions and economic development levels in different regions? Three, how big is the difference in carbon emissions from families with different income groups? What are the main reasons for the difference in carbon emissions from families with different income groups? Four, from the terminal What are the characteristics of the household carbon emissions structure? The above core issues constitute the main contents of this study.
The thesis is divided into eight chapters to study the above four core issues. The first two chapters are the theoretical basis, and provide theoretical support and analysis framework for the follow-up empirical analysis. The third to the seventh chapter is an empirical study. The third to the fifth chapter studies the differences in the consumption level from the urban and rural areas, the inter provincial and the different income groups at three levels, respectively. The family carbon emission spectrum, the sixth chapter and the seventh chapter respectively study the family carbon emission reduction strategy from different perspectives. The last chapter is the summary and Prospect of the full text. Through the study, the main conclusions are as follows:
(1) the different lifestyles of urban and rural residents lead to the carbon emissions of Urban Households by indirect carbon emissions, while rural residents are mainly carbon emissions. Population size, per capita energy consumption level and urban and rural energy consumption structure difference factors have been promoting the urban residents' direct carbon emission gap. Per capita consumption level is expanded in urban and rural areas. The difference of carbon emissions plays a positive effect, and the difference of population size and consumption structure plays a negative effect. The development of urbanization is beneficial to the reduction of family direct carbon emissions, which is not conducive to the reduction of household indirect carbon emissions. So as to reduce the increase of carbon emissions caused by the increase of residents' consumption in the process of urbanization.
(2) there is spatial imbalance in Chinese family carbon emissions, and the per capita direct carbon emission shows the spatial pattern of "north, Southeast high, middle and southwest low". The average per capita carbon emissions are "East high, the middle and northeast regions, the west low" space pattern. Influenced by the climate conditions, energy supply structure and other factors, domestic coal is used in domestic coal. There are significant spatial differences between gas, oil, heat and carbon emissions. The carbon emission levels of families in various provinces of our country have a positive correlation with the level of economic development. Electricity consumption, residential and food consumption are the main sources of carbon emissions in the families of our country. The indirect carbon emissions of households in the developed provinces are mainly concentrated on the development consumption of residential, traffic and communications. The indirect carbon emissions of households in less developed provinces are mainly concentrated on carbon emissions caused by subsistence consumption such as food, clothing and so on.
(3) the income level is the main reason for the difference of carbon emissions from different groups of families. On the one hand, the rise of income level brings about the change of people's way of travel. When the income reaches a certain level, people will choose more private car trips. The increase of carbon emission of private car travel is the result that the direct carbon emission of high income families is far higher than that of the private car. The main reasons for low income families; on the other hand, the changes in the consumption structure of the people, from meeting the basic needs of life to traffic communication, the transition of high-end consumption, traffic and communication, residential and cultural and educational entertainment consumption, caused the rapid increase of carbon emissions from high income families far higher than those of low-income families. The main reason.
(4) with the development of economy and the improvement of people's living standards, the main part of the energy consumption of urban residents in Shanghai has shifted from the residential energy consumption based on cooking hot water to the traffic energy consumption of private cars. Although the energy consumption of urban residents in Shanghai is far lower than that of the developed countries, it is necessary to avoid the Western lifestyles of urban residents. The study also found that, with the improvement of living standards, the carbon emissions of urban households in Shanghai were rising. Household electricity has been the largest part of household carbon emissions, and the carbon emissions generated by electricity account for more than half of the total household carbon emissions. The carbon emissions from vehicle trips increased most rapidly, while household electrical appliances produced the largest portion of household carbon emissions.
(5) with the promotion of urbanization, the family direct carbon emission spectrum shows the change characteristics of "the rapid decline of traditional energy carbon emissions and the rapid increase of private car carbon emissions". The family indirect carbon emission spectrum shows a decline in the proportion of carbon emissions of "survival consumption" (such as food), and the proportion of carbon emissions in developmental consumption (such as traffic communications, culture and education Entertainment). In the policy making, the state should increase the rational consumption concept of residents, avoid extravagant consumption and excessive consumption tendency. We can draw on the residential ladder electricity price, the ladder water price system, and timely launch the ladder family carbon tax system, in order to ensure the basic living carbon consumption of the residents' families, and to improve and improve the residents. The development of family life quality carbon consumption and curb household luxury carbon consumption.
The main contributions of this study are as follows: (1) based on the perspective of family consumption and using the concept of "spectrum" in sociology, the paper introduces it into the study of family carbon emissions, and combines the two yuan structure of urban and rural areas in China, and the regional differences are remarkable, and the difference of consumption level is discussed from the three levels of urban and rural, inter provincial and different income groups. The family carbon emission spectrum makes up the lack of carbon emissions in the field of household consumption, enriches the research on carbon emissions from household consumption in our country. (2) the analysis method of carbon emission for family end use is constructed. By establishing a HTCM model, the thesis will combine home use with family carbon emissions and help the residents to be clear. Some terminals, such as winter heating, cooking, household appliances and private car trips, can make the greatest contribution to family carbon emissions, and make clear the focus of carbon emission reduction in the family so as to reduce carbon emissions and provide a reference for the residents to establish a low carbon life model.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：F126.1;F205

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本文編號(hào)：2100794