本文選題：不完全要素市場(chǎng) + 居民收入　； 參考：《復(fù)旦大學(xué)》2014年博士論文

【摘要】：這是一項(xiàng)旨在探索中國(guó)要素市場(chǎng)上存在的政府干預(yù)如何影響了居民收入的研究。在我們看來(lái),傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)過(guò)于強(qiáng)調(diào)要素市場(chǎng)的不完全導(dǎo)致了資源的錯(cuò)配,進(jìn)而影響了經(jīng)濟(jì)效率,但長(zhǎng)久以來(lái)人們忽視了要素市場(chǎng)不完全在收入分配上產(chǎn)生的扭曲,我們認(rèn)為,正是這種忽略使得人們?cè)趪?guó)民收入分配的認(rèn)識(shí)方面受到了限制,也使得人們難以回答改革中諸多現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的原因。本文的意圖就是重新審視中國(guó)要素市場(chǎng)不完全的內(nèi)涵,探索不完全要素市場(chǎng)影響國(guó)民收入分配的可能途徑,為諸多的改革現(xiàn)象提供邏輯一致的解釋,從而拓展人們的認(rèn)識(shí),并且糾正改革過(guò)程中存在的一些認(rèn)識(shí)誤區(qū)。中國(guó)政府在要素市場(chǎng)上干預(yù)的既定事實(shí)已經(jīng)被大量文獻(xiàn)所證實(shí),為了維護(hù)城市居民利益、保持國(guó)企的低融資成本、保持出口企業(yè)的價(jià)格競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力,中國(guó)政府一直在勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)、資本市場(chǎng)和資源市場(chǎng)進(jìn)行種類(lèi)繁多的干涉甚至直接的財(cái)政補(bǔ)貼,這影響了市場(chǎng)調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制真正發(fā)揮作用,也導(dǎo)致外國(guó)政府拒絕承認(rèn)中國(guó)為市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)國(guó)家。本文的主旨在于回答要素市場(chǎng)不完全如何影響了居民收入這一問(wèn)題,為達(dá)到這一目的,我們基于事實(shí)觀察梳理出要素市場(chǎng)不完全影響居民收入份額的四條途徑：第一,戶(hù)籍制度所附屬的利益仍未被完全剝離,流動(dòng)人口享受不到教育、醫(yī)療和社保等公共物品的服務(wù),農(nóng)民工實(shí)際工資被壓低；金融抑制使得貸款對(duì)象上存有一定的所有制歧視,兩者使得國(guó)有企業(yè)面臨較低的資金價(jià)格,民營(yíng)企業(yè)相對(duì)面臨較低的勞動(dòng)力價(jià)格,雙方要素密集度的差異導(dǎo)致中國(guó)要素替代彈性有較大幅度的提升,在新古典的框架下,替代彈性的提高與資本深化共同降低了勞動(dòng)收入份額。由于中國(guó)居民收入份額下降主要發(fā)生在初次分配階段,而勞動(dòng)收入又是居民部門(mén)在初次分配中的主要收入來(lái)源,因此,勞動(dòng)份額的降低是導(dǎo)致居民部門(mén)的收入占比多年來(lái)持續(xù)下降的主要原因。第二,利率管制壓低了存款利率,降低了居民的財(cái)產(chǎn)性收入。長(zhǎng)期以來(lái),中國(guó)金融領(lǐng)域存在著“存款管上限,貸款管下限”的利率管制,導(dǎo)致資金的價(jià)格不能反映出其稀缺性,貸款對(duì)象也存在著所有制歧視,導(dǎo)致國(guó)企和地方融資平臺(tái)有過(guò)度投資的傾向,導(dǎo)致中國(guó)工業(yè)化呈現(xiàn)超重化的特點(diǎn),降低了居民的財(cái)產(chǎn)性收入,提高了政府和企業(yè)在國(guó)民收入中的比重。雖然財(cái)產(chǎn)性收入在居民收入中占比較低,但財(cái)產(chǎn)性收入的下降使得居民收入在國(guó)民收入分配中占比進(jìn)一步惡化。第三,征地制度降低了農(nóng)民的財(cái)產(chǎn)性收入,政府?dāng)D占了本應(yīng)屬于農(nóng)村居民的收入�，F(xiàn)行的土地制度使得政府享受了城市化過(guò)程中所產(chǎn)生的大部分土地溢價(jià),農(nóng)民的財(cái)產(chǎn)性收入得不到應(yīng)有保障,使得城市化進(jìn)程中本應(yīng)縮小的城鄉(xiāng)收入差距反而呈現(xiàn)持續(xù)擴(kuò)大的趨勢(shì),不利于社會(huì)穩(wěn)定和城鄉(xiāng)協(xié)調(diào)的發(fā)展目標(biāo)。第四,資源定價(jià)機(jī)制的不合理與匯率制度的安排共同加劇了中國(guó)的通貨膨脹,使得居民貨幣收入貶值。地方政府“招商引資競(jìng)賽”導(dǎo)致工業(yè)用地價(jià)格低,礦產(chǎn)、能源等要素價(jià)格的形成沒(méi)有包括外部環(huán)境成本,這兩方面使得中國(guó)出口企業(yè)擁有一定的成本優(yōu)勢(shì),在“有管理的浮動(dòng)匯率制”配合下,央行對(duì)外匯市場(chǎng)的干預(yù)使得出口需求保持了持續(xù)的增長(zhǎng),日益增加的外匯儲(chǔ)備使得央行在投放基礎(chǔ)貨幣上較為被動(dòng),加劇了國(guó)內(nèi)的通脹,使得居民貨幣收入貶值,財(cái)富縮水。通過(guò)進(jìn)一步的分析,我們認(rèn)為造成目前中國(guó)居民收入占國(guó)民收入比例較低的原因在于人為的制度安排和體制設(shè)計(jì)。雖然中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)創(chuàng)造了有史以來(lái)持續(xù)時(shí)間最久、年均增長(zhǎng)速度最快的世界歷史記錄,但由于各種人為制度安排導(dǎo)致居民部門(mén)僅僅享受到很少的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的實(shí)惠,消費(fèi)在GDP中所占比重過(guò)低,這偏離了經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的福祉意義。因此,未來(lái)通過(guò)深化改革,持續(xù)釋放制度紅利,對(duì)增加居民可支配收入,刺激消費(fèi)、內(nèi)需的增長(zhǎng)和宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)的持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)有著至關(guān)重要的作用,以減輕經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)對(duì)投資和出口的依賴(lài)。我們建議從戶(hù)籍制度、金融抑制、征地制度、匯率制度等角度入手推動(dòng)中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)一步改革,減少政府對(duì)于要素價(jià)格形成的干預(yù),真正確立市場(chǎng)配置資源的方式至關(guān)重要,“積極插手”政策走向有待商榷,“順其自然”的政策設(shè)計(jì)可以進(jìn)一步依賴(lài)。
[Abstract]:It is a study aimed at exploring how government intervention in China's factor market affects residents' income. In our view, the traditional point of view overemphasizes the incompletion of the factor market, which leads to the mismatch of resources, and thus affects economic efficiency, but it has long ignored the fact that the factor market is not entirely generated by the income distribution. In our opinion, it is this kind of neglect that limits people's understanding of the national income distribution and makes it difficult for people to answer the reasons for many phenomena in the reform. The intention of this article is to reexamine the incomplete connotation of the Chinese factor market and explore the possible path to influence the distribution of national income in the incomplete market. It provides a logical and consistent explanation for many reform phenomena, thus expanding people's understanding and correcting some misunderstanding in the process of reform. The established fact that the Chinese government intervenes in the factor market has been confirmed by a large number of documents. In order to maintain the interests of the urban residents, maintain the low financing cost of the state-owned enterprises and maintain the export enterprises. The price competitiveness of the industry, the Chinese government has been in the labor market, the capital market and the resource market for a wide variety of interference and even direct financial subsidies, which affects the real role of the market regulation mechanism, and the foreign government refuses to recognize China as a market economy. The main purpose of this article is to answer the incomplete market. In order to achieve this goal, based on the fact observation, we find out the four ways that the factor market does not completely affect the income share of the residents: first, the interests of the household registration system are still not completely stripped, the floating population is not able to enjoy the service of public goods such as education, medical and social security, and the migrant workers The actual wage is depressed; financial restraining makes a certain discrimination on the loan object, both make the state-owned enterprises face lower capital price, the private enterprises face relatively low labor price, the difference of the factor density of both sides leads to the greater increase in the substitution elasticity of Chinese elements, under the new classical framework, The increase of substitution elasticity and capital deepening jointly reduce the share of labor income. As the decline of Chinese residents' income share is mainly in the initial distribution stage, and the labor income is the main source of income in the initial distribution of the residents' department, the decrease of the labor share is the continuous decline of the income of the resident sector. Second, the interest rate control has lowered the deposit interest rate and reduced the property income of the residents. For a long time, the interest rate regulation of the "upper limit of the deposit management and the lower limit of the loan management" in the financial field of China has led to the lack of the capital price to reflect its scarcity, and the loan against the elephant also has ownership discrimination, which leads to the melting of state-owned enterprises and local areas. The investment platform has the tendency of overinvestment, which leads to the overweight in China's industrialization, reducing the property income of the residents and raising the proportion of the government and the enterprises in the national income. Although the property income is relatively low in the income of the residents, the decline of property income makes the income of the residents in the national income distribution. Third, the land expropriation system reduces the property income of farmers, the government takes up the income that should belong to the rural residents. The current land system makes the government enjoy most of the land premium produced in the process of urbanization, and the property income of farmers can not reach the Ying Youbao barrier, which makes the urban-rural area that should be reduced in the process of urbanization. The income gap is not conducive to social stability and the development goal of urban and rural coordination. Fourth, the unreasonable resource pricing mechanism and exchange rate system arrangement jointly aggravate China's inflation and devalue the income of the residents' money. The local government "inviting investment competition" leads to low industrial land prices, minerals, The formation of energy and other factors does not include external environmental costs. These two aspects make China's export enterprises have a certain cost advantage. Under the coordination of the "managed floating exchange rate system", the central bank's intervention in the foreign exchange market has kept the export demand sustained, and the increase of foreign exchange reserves makes the central bank put the base in place. By further analysis, the reasons for the low proportion of Chinese residents' income to the national income are human institutional arrangements and institutional design. Although the Chinese economy has created the longest lasting time since the Chinese economy, the Chinese economy has created the longest time in the history. The world history record is the fastest growing, but because of the human system arrangement, the household sector only enjoys the benefits of little economic growth, and the proportion of consumption in GDP is too low, which deviates from the welfare significance of economic growth. Entering, stimulating consumption, growth of domestic demand and sustained growth of macro-economy have a vital role to reduce the dependence of economic growth on investment and exports. We suggest that the Chinese economy should be promoted from the perspective of the household registration system, financial restraint, land expropriation system, exchange rate system and so on to reduce government intervention on the formation of factor price. The way to truly establish the market allocation of resources is very important. The policy of "active involvement" is open to discussion, and the policy design "take its course" can be further relied on.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：復(fù)旦大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：F124.7

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