發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-02-20 15:32

  本文關(guān)鍵詞： 中古英國(guó) 城市特許狀 商業(yè)特權(quán)　出處：《河南大學(xué)》2014年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：城市特許狀是英國(guó)中古社會(huì)發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果，授予盛期出現(xiàn)在12—14世紀(jì)初。本文力圖對(duì)特許狀的授予情況、特許狀中商業(yè)特權(quán)的內(nèi)容和授予原因有一個(gè)清晰的認(rèn)識(shí)和理解，并探討商業(yè)特權(quán)與英國(guó)商業(yè)的關(guān)系。 特許狀所含條款頗多，總的來(lái)說(shuō)，城市憑此獲得的商業(yè)特權(quán)包括六個(gè)方面：舉辦市場(chǎng)和集市、通行稅豁免權(quán)、“王之和平”、組建行會(huì)、商業(yè)壟斷權(quán)、禁止囤積居奇。 這一時(shí)期，英國(guó)雖以自給自足的農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)為主，但商品經(jīng)濟(jì)也在發(fā)展。在生產(chǎn)上，農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)水平的提高為商業(yè)活動(dòng)提供了充分的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)和人力資源，畜牧業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)和手工業(yè)的專業(yè)化為市場(chǎng)提供了大量可供銷售的產(chǎn)品。在消費(fèi)需求上，領(lǐng)主和農(nóng)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展對(duì)商品經(jīng)濟(jì)日益依賴，人口的增加促使消費(fèi)需求的增長(zhǎng)。這一矛盾不僅為商業(yè)特權(quán)的授予提供了充分條件，也促使國(guó)王和封建領(lǐng)主頒發(fā)特許狀，授予商人進(jìn)行商業(yè)活動(dòng)的權(quán)利。此外，特殊的法權(quán)環(huán)境也是特許狀頒發(fā)的主要原因。一方面，英國(guó)普通法日益發(fā)展和成熟，王權(quán)不斷壯大，國(guó)王通過(guò)特許狀授予商業(yè)權(quán)利即是這種事實(shí)的體現(xiàn)。另一方面，由于封建領(lǐng)主的“私人法權(quán)”得到認(rèn)可，他們?cè)谄漕I(lǐng)地內(nèi)擁有相對(duì)獨(dú)立的司法權(quán)力，使得領(lǐng)主有權(quán)向王室申領(lǐng)特許狀，要求給予領(lǐng)地上的城市以商業(yè)特權(quán)。隨著市場(chǎng)“合法性”問(wèn)題的出現(xiàn)，特許狀日益成為雙方處理這一問(wèn)題的法律依據(jù)。同時(shí)，國(guó)王和封建領(lǐng)主對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)利益的需求也直接刺激了特許狀的頒發(fā)和商業(yè)特權(quán)的授予。 從商業(yè)特權(quán)的內(nèi)容來(lái)看，這些條款無(wú)疑有利于英國(guó)商業(yè)的發(fā)展。這是因?yàn)椋�，首先，特許狀授予的市場(chǎng)、集市和行會(huì)是英國(guó)這一時(shí)期主要的經(jīng)濟(jì)組織形式。其次，特許狀授予的自由貿(mào)易權(quán)利，是商人從事商品活動(dòng)的前提條件。最后，特許狀授予的規(guī)制性條款有助于商業(yè)的有序發(fā)展。但是，不能因此夸大特許狀的作用。應(yīng)該看到，特許狀只是一紙條文，有著時(shí)間和內(nèi)容上的局限性。為了避免這些缺陷，城市需要花費(fèi)大筆錢款不斷獲得新的特許狀。再者，即便城市獲得了特許狀，也不能保證所獲商業(yè)權(quán)利全部得到落實(shí)。為此，市政人員必須擁有良好的執(zhí)行能力，積極作為，將商業(yè)特權(quán)付諸實(shí)施。 通過(guò)考察可知，12—14世紀(jì)，英國(guó)市政當(dāng)局在多數(shù)情況下支付了相應(yīng)錢款，展現(xiàn)了出色的執(zhí)行能力，促使城市不斷獲得商業(yè)特權(quán)并將其逐步落實(shí)，這大大促進(jìn)了英國(guó)商業(yè)的順利發(fā)展和資本主義萌芽的出現(xiàn)。在商業(yè)發(fā)展的同時(shí)，英國(guó)商人的經(jīng)濟(jì)地位日漸提高，促使商人通過(guò)參與議會(huì)在國(guó)家的政治事務(wù)中日益扮演著重要角色。
[Abstract]:The urban charter is the inevitable result of the development of the medieval society in England, and the awarding peak appeared in the beginning of the 12-14 th century. This paper tries to have a clear understanding and understanding of the granting of the charter, the content of the commercial privilege in the charter and the reasons for granting it. The relationship between commercial privilege and British business is also discussed. The charter contains quite a lot of clauses, and in general, the commercial privileges granted to cities include six aspects: setting up markets and fairs, exemption from tax, peace of king, formation of guilds, commercial monopolies, and prohibition of hoarding. During this period, although the United Kingdom was dominated by a self-sufficient agricultural economy, the commodity economy was also developing. In terms of production, the improvement of agricultural technology provided a sufficient material basis and human resources for commercial activities. The specialization of the animal husbandry economy and handicraft industry provided a large number of marketable products for the market. In terms of consumer demand, the development of the economy of lords and farmers was increasingly dependent on the commodity economy. The increase in population leads to an increase in consumer demand. This contradiction not only provides sufficient conditions for the granting of commercial privileges, but also prompts kings and feudal lords to grant charters to merchants to carry out commercial activities... The special legal environment is also the main reason for the granting of charters. On the one hand, the British common law is developing and maturing, Wang Quan is growing stronger, and the King's granting of commercial rights through charters is a manifestation of this fact. On the other hand, Because of the recognition of the "private jurisdiction" of the feudal lords, they had relatively independent judicial power in their territory, giving them the right to apply for a charter from the royal family. As the question of "legitimacy" of the market arises, charters are increasingly becoming the legal basis for both parties to deal with this issue... at the same time, The demands of kings and feudal lords for economic interests also directly stimulated the granting of charters and the granting of commercial privileges. From the point of view of the content of the commercial privilege, these clauses undoubtedly benefit the development of the British business. This is because, first, the markets, bazaars and guilds granted by the charters are the main forms of economic organization in England during this period. The free trade right granted by the charter is the precondition for the merchant to engage in the commercial activities. Finally, the regulatory provisions of the charter grant are conducive to the orderly development of the business. However, the role of the charter should not be exaggerated. The charter is just a piece of paper, with time and content limitations. To avoid these shortcomings, the city needs to spend a lot of money to get a new charter. Moreover, even if the city gets a charter, There is no guarantee that all commercial rights will be realized. To this end, the municipal staff must have good executive ability, actively act, and put commercial privileges into practice. During the 12-14 th century, the British municipal authorities paid the money in most cases, demonstrated excellent executive power, and encouraged cities to continue to gain commercial privileges and gradually implement them. This greatly contributed to the smooth development of British business and the emergence of the seeds of capitalism. Along with the development of business, the economic status of British businessmen rose day by day. Businessmen are increasingly playing an important role in the political affairs of the country through their participation in parliament.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：F156.1

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