本文關(guān)鍵詞： 滴灌 鹽堿地 土壤基質(zhì)勢(shì) 水鹽調(diào)控 植物生長(zhǎng)　出處：《太原理工大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：鹽堿地屬于重要的土地資源,治理改造及合理開發(fā)利用這些資源,促進(jìn)鹽堿地農(nóng)業(yè)高效、可持續(xù)利用成為保障國(guó)家糧食安全和促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的重要途徑之一,對(duì)推動(dòng)區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展、改善生態(tài)環(huán)境也具有重要意義。大同盆地鹽堿地面積占山西省鹽堿地總面積的70%,是我國(guó)土地鹽堿化較嚴(yán)重的地區(qū)之一,鹽堿化使得土壤條件更加惡化,生產(chǎn)水平低下,大大降低了土地的利用率,鹽堿地改良對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)氐纳鷳B(tài)和經(jīng)濟(jì)有重要意義。本論文通過在滴灌土壤水鹽調(diào)控研究基礎(chǔ)上,繼續(xù)在山西省朔州市山陰縣開展田間試驗(yàn)研究。通過種植耐鹽堿植物披堿草,并以負(fù)壓計(jì)控制土壤基質(zhì)勢(shì)指導(dǎo)灌溉,研究不同基質(zhì)勢(shì)(-15 kPa、-25 kPa和-35 kPa)對(duì)土壤水鹽運(yùn)移及披堿草生長(zhǎng)的影響。在此基礎(chǔ)上,在經(jīng)過2年滴灌種植地塊上種植高粱,研究自然條件下(不灌水)高粱生長(zhǎng)和土壤水鹽情況,研究結(jié)果表明:(1)土壤基質(zhì)勢(shì)的變化與灌水頻率、降雨蒸發(fā)量、作物不同時(shí)期的生長(zhǎng)需水大小緊密相關(guān),-35 kPa處理下土壤含水率相對(duì)較低。滴灌對(duì)0~40cm范圍的土層含水率、電導(dǎo)率和pH值產(chǎn)生了一定影響。隨著控制基質(zhì)勢(shì)升高,灌水的影響越來越明顯,含水率越高,pH值和電導(dǎo)率越低。3個(gè)處理的灌溉水量分別為3.640 m3(-15 kPa)3.399m3(-25 kPa)2.209m3(-35kPa),土壤濕潤(rùn)體的水平擴(kuò)散半徑大小排列順是:-15 kPa-25 kPa-35 kPa。3個(gè)處理下的土壤剖面含水率分布均變化明顯,土壤含水率整體提高6%,其中-15kPa處理下的土壤pH值和電導(dǎo)率下降最多,分別下降了7%和66%。(2)經(jīng)過一個(gè)試驗(yàn)期灌溉淋洗,-15 k Pa、-25 kPa和-35 kPa處理下的土壤鈉離子含量整體下降了87%、80%和73%,鉀離子含量整體下降了77%、59%和41%。滴灌過程中有一部分碳酸根離子水解生成碳酸氫根離子,導(dǎo)致碳酸氫根離子含量階段性增多,但隨著灌水量的增加,四種離子所占比例越來越小,鉀離子含量較低,溶脫率也低,鈉離子比鉀離子更容易被洗脫。(3)在披堿草收獲時(shí),3個(gè)處理的株高、蓋度和生物量大小順序表現(xiàn)-15kPa-25 kPa-35 kPa,所以不論從作物株高、蓋度和生物量來看,3個(gè)土壤基質(zhì)勢(shì)的控制對(duì)其影響的優(yōu)異程度均表現(xiàn)一致,即-15 kPa為最優(yōu)。(4)在經(jīng)過2015年的滴灌控制土壤基質(zhì)勢(shì)試驗(yàn)后,試驗(yàn)地土壤鹽堿程度大有改善。土壤含水率增加了10.1%,土壤平均p H值和平均電導(dǎo)率值下降了0.85和151μS/cm。在2016年試播高粱試驗(yàn)結(jié)束時(shí),土壤平均pH值和電導(dǎo)率值與2015年試驗(yàn)初期土壤p H值和電導(dǎo)率相比,分別下降了19.5%和42.6%,土壤鹽堿情況改良效果明顯。(5)在滴灌改良土壤上種植高粱結(jié)果表明,試播“晉雜”101號(hào)高粱的生長(zhǎng)情況良好,在收獲期平均株高達(dá)171.51 cm,平均穗重達(dá)99.7 g,平均產(chǎn)量為838.7 g/m2,無大片死亡干枯現(xiàn)象,收獲時(shí)株高和產(chǎn)量均接近國(guó)內(nèi)試驗(yàn)區(qū)平均水平,表現(xiàn)出較好的適應(yīng)性和穩(wěn)產(chǎn)性。
[Abstract]:Saline-alkali land is an important land resource, so it can promote the agricultural efficiency of saline-alkali land. Sustainable utilization is one of the important ways to guarantee the national food security and promote the sustainable development of agriculture, which can promote the sustainable development of regional economy. It is also of great significance to improve the ecological environment. The area of saline-alkali land in Datong Basin accounts for 70% of the total area of saline-alkali land in Shanxi Province. It is one of the more serious salinization areas in China, and the salinization makes the soil condition worse. The low level of production has greatly reduced the utilization rate of land. The improvement of saline-alkali land is of great significance to local ecology and economy. This paper is based on the study of soil water and salt regulation of drip irrigation. The field experiment was carried out in Shanyin County, Shuozhou City, Shanxi Province. By planting the saline-tolerant plant Ephedrine, and controlling the soil substrate potential under the guidance of irrigation with a negative pressure meter, the potential of different substrates was studied for -15 kPa. The effects of -25 kPa and -35 KPA on soil water and salt migration and the growth of Elaeagnus capsicum were studied. On the basis of this, sorghum was planted on the plot of drip irrigation for 2 years. The growth of sorghum and soil water and salt were studied under natural conditions. The results showed that the change of soil substrate potential, irrigation frequency and rainfall evaporation. The soil moisture content was relatively low under different crop growth stages under the treatment of -35 kPa. The soil moisture content of 0 ~ 40 cm soil layer was affected by drip irrigation. With the increase of substrate potential, the effect of irrigation is more and more obvious, and the water content is higher. The lower the pH value and the electrical conductivity were, the irrigation water of the three treatments was 3.640 m ~ 3 ~ (-1) -15 kPa)3.399m3(-25 KPA 2.209 m ~ (3) C ~ (-1) ~ (35) KPA, respectively. . The horizontal diffusion radius of soil wetted soil was arranged in the order of: -15 kPa-25 kPa-35 kPa.3. The distribution of soil moisture content in soil profile all changed obviously under the treatment of 1: -15 kPa-25 kPa-35 kPa.3. The soil moisture content was increased by 6%, and the soil pH value and electrical conductivity decreased the most under -15kPa treatment, which decreased by 7% and 66.5%, respectively) after an experimental period of irrigation leaching. The content of sodium and potassium decreased by 87% and 73% in soil treated with -15 kPa and -25 kPa and -35 kPa, respectively, and the content of potassium decreased by 77% as a whole. In the process of drip irrigation, some carbonate ions hydrolyzed to form bicarbonate ions, which led to the increase of bicarbonate ion content in phases, but with the increase of irrigation amount. The ratio of the four ions is smaller and smaller, the potassium ion content is lower, the dissolution rate is also low, the sodium ion is easier to be eluted than the potassium ion. The order of coverage and biomass was -15kPa-25 kPa-35 KPA, so no matter the plant height, coverage and biomass. The control of soil substrate potential showed the same excellent degree, that is, -15 kPa was the best. 4) after the experiment of soil substrate potential controlled by drip irrigation in 2015. The salinization degree of the soil in the experimental field was greatly improved, and the soil moisture content increased by 10.1%. The soil average pH value and average conductivity value decreased by 0.85 and 151 渭 S / cm. At the end of the sorghum trial in 2016. The average pH and conductivity of the soil decreased by 19.5% and 42.6%, respectively, compared with the initial soil pH and conductivity in 2015. The results of sorghum cultivation on drip irrigation soil showed that the growth of "Jinza" 101 sorghum was good. At harvest stage, the average plant was 171.51 cm, the average ear weight was 99.7 g, the average yield was 838.7 g / m ~ (2). At harvest time, plant height and yield were close to the average level of domestic experimental area, showing good adaptability and stable yield.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：太原理工大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S156.4;S275.6

【參考文獻(xiàn)】

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1 樊芳芳;王勁松;董二偉;焦曉燕;丁玉川;武愛蓮;郭s，

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