本文選題：基本 + 公共服務(wù)��； 參考：《財(cái)政部財(cái)政科學(xué)研究所》2014年博士論文

【摘要】：十六大尤其是十六屆六中全會(huì)提出“逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)基本公共服務(wù)均等化”以來(lái),隨著區(qū)域協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的實(shí)施,中央轉(zhuǎn)移支付力度加大,以及公共財(cái)政、民生建設(shè)的大力推進(jìn),我國(guó)基本公共服務(wù)制度框架初步形成,基本公共服務(wù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)建立：2009年左右區(qū)域間基本公共服務(wù)差距呈縮小趨勢(shì),西部地區(qū)發(fā)展更快；覆蓋面不斷擴(kuò)大,基本公共服務(wù)項(xiàng)目增多,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不斷提高、個(gè)人負(fù)擔(dān)不斷降低,已建成了世界上最大規(guī)模的、全覆蓋的基本醫(yī)療保障網(wǎng)和養(yǎng)老保障網(wǎng)。基本公共服務(wù)投入不足、區(qū)域基本公共服務(wù)差距不斷拉大等問(wèn)題得到了初步解決。但是又出現(xiàn)了新的問(wèn)題：基本公共服務(wù)質(zhì)量問(wèn)題越來(lái)越凸顯,優(yōu)質(zhì)基本公共服務(wù)供給不充足和不均衡越來(lái)越突出；區(qū)域內(nèi)、省際內(nèi)不均等比較突出；基本公共服務(wù)供給碎片化、基本公共服務(wù)結(jié)構(gòu)差異等問(wèn)題顯現(xiàn)。這些都表明,我國(guó)區(qū)域基本公共服務(wù)均等化正處于一個(gè)新的起點(diǎn)上。在推進(jìn)中是繼續(xù)堅(jiān)持以前漸近式的擴(kuò)大投入、增加項(xiàng)目、提高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)思路,還是要進(jìn)行調(diào)整?需要深入研究。 本文試圖從理論和實(shí)踐兩個(gè)層面來(lái)尋找答案。公共服務(wù)——公共服務(wù)均等化——基本公共服務(wù)均等化,內(nèi)涵不斷縮小。公共服務(wù)主要源自于正外部性,一類是讓大家生活得更好,比如接受教育、享受公共文化、免于貧困(社會(huì)救助、保障住房等)、免于疾病等；一類是與勞動(dòng)力流動(dòng)相關(guān),能夠促進(jìn)勞動(dòng)力自由流動(dòng),比如養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)、醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)以及公共就業(yè)服務(wù)等�；竟卜⻊�(wù)均等化中“公共服務(wù)”,特指中央和地方政府共同提供、需要均等化的公共服務(wù),“基本”是指與人們基本的生存權(quán)和發(fā)展權(quán)緊密相關(guān)、還受國(guó)家財(cái)政供給能力約束的公共服務(wù)。社會(huì)扣除理論、公平正義觀等馬克思主義經(jīng)典理論,福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論、公平正義論等西方政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論,以及我國(guó)包容性發(fā)展中的財(cái)政選擇、民生財(cái)政、區(qū)域平衡發(fā)展等理論,都為區(qū)域基本公共服務(wù)均等化提供了堅(jiān)實(shí)理論基礎(chǔ)。在具體供給中,要處理好兩個(gè)基本關(guān)系,政府與市場(chǎng)的關(guān)系,讓政府、市場(chǎng)、社會(huì)各得其所、共同發(fā)揮作用；中央與地方的關(guān)系,各級(jí)政府各司其職、密切配合,共同提供優(yōu)質(zhì)高效的基本公共服務(wù)。市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下,區(qū)域基本公共服務(wù)均等化的實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)制包括推進(jìn)區(qū)域協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展、實(shí)行分稅制、建立公共財(cái)政、實(shí)施轉(zhuǎn)移支付等。 實(shí)踐層面,首先回顧了國(guó)外的做法與經(jīng)驗(yàn)。選取典型國(guó)家的案例進(jìn)行比較分析,在基本公共服務(wù)制度建成后,從上個(gè)世紀(jì)80年代新公共管理運(yùn)動(dòng)起,到近期歐債危機(jī)后歐盟各國(guó)快速推進(jìn)的福利改革都表明,改革完善已成為主流。主要經(jīng)驗(yàn)有：公共服務(wù)提供不是一個(gè)模式,而是各國(guó)不同、量身定做；不是一蹴而就的,而是不斷修正、不斷改進(jìn)的逐步完善過(guò)程,建立一個(gè)完善的制度需要一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的歷史時(shí)期,基本公共服務(wù)的財(cái)政支持方式要與發(fā)展階段相匹配等；改革未有盡頭,健全完善公共服務(wù)各國(guó)都“在路上”,并且會(huì)一直“在路上”。主要教訓(xùn)有：躍進(jìn)式、追趕式、漸近式福利,都會(huì)遇到財(cái)政汲取能力的天花板,只要超過(guò)了財(cái)政收入,就會(huì)遭遇福利困境或福利陷阱；由于制度慣性,福利困境會(huì)滯后一段時(shí)間才顯現(xiàn),由儉入奢易,由奢入儉難,一旦顯現(xiàn),任何國(guó)家都會(huì)遭受福利改革之困,新興國(guó)家可能引起社會(huì)動(dòng)蕩,老牌福利國(guó)家會(huì)遭遇利益集團(tuán)的阻撓。我國(guó)區(qū)域基本公共服務(wù)均等化從建國(guó)至今,大致經(jīng)歷了三個(gè)時(shí)期：“事項(xiàng)少、廣覆蓋、區(qū)域均等、城鄉(xiāng)分割、個(gè)人負(fù)擔(dān)較低”的低水平均衡時(shí)期(1949—1977年),“覆蓋面不斷縮小、區(qū)域差距不斷加大、城鄉(xiāng)差距不斷加大、群體差距不斷加大、個(gè)人負(fù)擔(dān)不斷加重”的逐步失衡時(shí)期(1978—-2002年),“廣覆蓋、趨于均衡、個(gè)人負(fù)擔(dān)降低”逐步邁向新的均衡時(shí)期(2003年—至今)。 從理論和實(shí)踐分析看,區(qū)域基本公共服務(wù)均等化內(nèi)生于經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展,嘗試建立了基本公共服務(wù)需求與供給分析框架。由于公共服務(wù)需求單邊增長(zhǎng)、公共服務(wù)供給受財(cái)政能力約束有上限,故公共服務(wù)供給在經(jīng)歷瓦格納增長(zhǎng)后,必然會(huì)在財(cái)政能力約束下出現(xiàn)瓦格納調(diào)整,基本公共服務(wù)供給一般會(huì)經(jīng)歷較低且相對(duì)穩(wěn)定、持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)、水平合理且相對(duì)穩(wěn)定等三個(gè)階段。進(jìn)入瓦格納調(diào)整即相對(duì)穩(wěn)定階段后,公共服務(wù)供給就要從擴(kuò)大投入、數(shù)量擴(kuò)張到提高質(zhì)量和提升效率轉(zhuǎn)變,從滿足需求到引導(dǎo)管理預(yù)期的轉(zhuǎn)變。按照供求框架的分析,當(dāng)前我國(guó)推進(jìn)區(qū)域基本公共服務(wù)均等化的主要難點(diǎn)在財(cái)政收入增長(zhǎng)空間變窄、公共服務(wù)支出壓力增大,由此判斷我國(guó)正在向第三個(gè)階段轉(zhuǎn)變：即將進(jìn)入鞏固完善時(shí)期,要更加關(guān)注機(jī)會(huì)均等、更加關(guān)注質(zhì)量效率、更加關(guān)注預(yù)期引導(dǎo),主要目標(biāo)是：全面覆蓋,公平均等,負(fù)擔(dān)均衡,要把握四個(gè)基本原則：公平正義,一體化；基本適度,可持續(xù)；政府主導(dǎo),多元化；事權(quán)清晰,均等化,要在數(shù)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的基礎(chǔ)上,關(guān)注質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及可及性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
[Abstract]:The sixteen major, especially in the sixth Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee, proposed the "equalization of basic public services", with the implementation of the regional coordinated development strategy, the increase of the central transfer payment, the promotion of public finance and the construction of the people's livelihood. The basic public service system framework has been preliminarily formed in China, and the basic public service standards are set up: 20 In the past 09 years, the gap between the basic public services in the region is narrowing, the development of the western region is faster, the coverage is expanding, the basic public service projects are increasing, the standards are increasing, and the individual burden is continuously reduced, and the largest, covered basic medical care network and the old-age security network have been built in the world. The basic public service input has been built. Insufficient, the regional basic public service gap widening and other problems have been initially solved. But there are new problems: the quality of basic public service is becoming more and more prominent, the supply of basic public services is not sufficient and uneven. In the region, the interprovincial inequality is more prominent; the supply of basic public services is broken. This shows that the equalization of basic public services in the region is on a new starting point. In advance, we should continue to adhere to the extended input of the previous asymptotic formula, increase the project, improve the standard of thinking, or adjust it, so it needs to be studied in depth.
This article tries to find out the answers from two aspects of theory and practice. Public service equalization of public services - the equalization of basic public services and the narrowing of its connotation. Public services are mainly derived from the externality of Yu Zheng, and the other is to make people live better, such as education, public culture, and poverty (social assistance, protection). It is related to the flow of labor, which can promote the free flow of labor, such as pension insurance, medical insurance and public employment services. The "public service" in the equalization of basic public services refers to the joint provision of the central and local governments and the need for equalization of public services. "Basic" refers to people. The basic right of survival is closely related to the right to development, and the public service is bound by the state's financial supply. The theory of social deduction, the concept of fair and justice, the theory of welfare economics, the theory of fairness and justice and other Western political and economic theories, and the financial choice of the inclusive development, the livelihood of the people's livelihood, and the finance of the people's livelihood, Qu Yuping The theory of balance development provides a solid theoretical basis for the equalization of regional basic public services. In the specific supply, we should deal with two basic relations. The relationship between the government and the market makes the government, the market and the society have their respective functions. Under the conditions of market economy, the realization mechanism of the equalization of regional basic public services includes promoting regional coordinated development, implementing tax sharing system, establishing public finance and carrying out transfer payments.
At the practical level, the practice and experience of foreign countries are reviewed first. A comparative analysis of the cases of typical countries is selected. After the establishment of the basic public service system, from the 80s new public management movement in the last century, the rapid progress of welfare reform in the EU countries after the recent European debt crisis has shown that the main experience of the reform and improvement has been the main experience. There are: the provision of public service is not a model, but the different countries, tailor made; not overnight, but a continuous correction, continuous improvement process, the establishment of a perfect system needs a longer historical period, the basic public service financial support should be matched with the development stage, and so on; the reform has not been changed. At the end, all the public service countries are "on the road" and will be "on the way". The main lessons are: leap forward, catch up, asymptotic welfare, will meet the ceiling of financial capacity, as long as more than the financial income, will encounter welfare plight or welfare trap; because of institutional inertia, welfare plight lags behind. In a period of time, it can be seen from frugality to extravagant, extravagant and frugal. As soon as it appears, any country will suffer from welfare reform, the emerging countries may cause social unrest and the old welfare state will encounter the obstruction of interest groups. The equalization of regional basic public services has experienced three periods from the founding of the people's Republic to the present. "Cover, regional equality, urban and rural division, low personal burden" of low level equilibrium period (1949 to 1977), "coverage is shrinking, regional gap is increasing, the gap between urban and rural areas is increasing, the gap between the groups is increasing, the burden of individual is increasing" gradually (1978 -2002), "wide coverage, equilibrium, personal burden drop" "Low" gradually moved towards a new equilibrium period (2003 to present).
From the theoretical and practical analysis, the equalization of regional basic public services is born in the economic and social development, and attempts to establish an analytical framework for the demand and supply of basic public services. Since the demand for public services is increased unilaterally, the supply of public services is bound by the financial capacity, so the supply of public services will inevitably be after the growth of Wagner. Under the constraints of financial capacity, there is a Wagner adjustment. The supply of basic public services will generally experience three stages: relatively low and relatively stable, sustained growth, reasonable level and relatively stable. After the entry of Wagner adjustment, a relatively stable stage, the supply of public services should be expanded from the expansion of the quantity to the improvement of the quality and the efficiency of improving the efficiency. According to the analysis of demand and demand, according to the analysis of the supply and demand framework, the main difficulties in promoting the equalization of basic public service in our country are narrowing in the space of fiscal revenue growth, and the pressure of public service expenditure is increasing. Therefore, it is judged that our country is turning to the third stages: it is about to enter the period of consolidation and perfection, and we should pay more attention to it. Equal opportunity, more attention to quality efficiency, more attention to the expected guidance, the main objectives are: comprehensive coverage, equitable equality, balanced burden, to grasp the four basic principles: fair and justice, integration; basic moderate, sustainable; government led, pluralism; clarity of power, equalization, on the basis of quantitative standards, on the basis of quantitative standards, to quality standards, and pay attention to quality standards And accessibility standards.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：財(cái)政部財(cái)政科學(xué)研究所
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：D630;F812.45

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