【摘要】：長(zhǎng)江上游珍稀特有魚(yú)類國(guó)家級(jí)自然保護(hù)區(qū)位于向家壩水電站下游的長(zhǎng)江上游干流河段,保護(hù)區(qū)內(nèi)分布的魚(yú)類超過(guò)190種,具有重要的學(xué)術(shù)價(jià)值和經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值。然而隨著上游向家壩等梯級(jí)電站的開(kāi)發(fā)運(yùn)行,保護(hù)區(qū)干流的自然水流條件受到了一定影響,而魚(yú)類在產(chǎn)卵繁殖期一定的流量條件是其完成產(chǎn)卵過(guò)程的必要條件,此階段的成活率直接關(guān)系到魚(yú)類年際補(bǔ)充量的大小,是引起種群變動(dòng)和年齡結(jié)構(gòu)變化的主要原因,近年來(lái)保護(hù)區(qū)不論魚(yú)類種類還是魚(yú)類資源量均呈下降趨勢(shì),外來(lái)魚(yú)類則增加了6種。在這種背景下,論文在6種保護(hù)區(qū)代表性魚(yú)類中,選擇監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)較豐富、漁獲量最多的銅魚(yú)作為代表性魚(yú)類,綜合分析其產(chǎn)卵繁殖期的生態(tài)流量需求,不僅具有保護(hù)銅魚(yú)這一重要經(jīng)濟(jì)魚(yú)類的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義,而且對(duì)于科學(xué)認(rèn)識(shí)以銅魚(yú)為代表的產(chǎn)漂流性卵魚(yú)類在產(chǎn)卵期對(duì)流量過(guò)程的需求、蓄水對(duì)下游河道魚(yú)類產(chǎn)卵的影響有一定的科學(xué)意義。論文以保護(hù)區(qū)河段江津斷面2009-2015年銅魚(yú)產(chǎn)卵數(shù)據(jù)和朱沱站1954-2015流量數(shù)據(jù)為基礎(chǔ),統(tǒng)計(jì)分析銅魚(yú)產(chǎn)卵特征,對(duì)比分析蓄水前后流量組分及產(chǎn)卵量變化情況,重新率定參數(shù)后采用IHA軟件分析銅魚(yú)產(chǎn)卵與各流量組分的相關(guān)性。對(duì)銅魚(yú)產(chǎn)卵期高流量脈沖過(guò)程,提出了出現(xiàn)時(shí)間、起漲流量、起漲漲幅、平均漲幅、峰值流量、歷時(shí)、年發(fā)生次數(shù)7個(gè)特征指標(biāo),并從蓄水前、不同來(lái)水條件、生態(tài)意義三方面分析其統(tǒng)計(jì)特征。采用“基流+高流量脈沖”的思路給出了保護(hù)區(qū)銅魚(yú)產(chǎn)卵期生態(tài)流量設(shè)計(jì)方法,按年發(fā)生次數(shù)提出了“必需滿足的”、“適宜的”、“最佳的”三種層次的生態(tài)流量方案。研究結(jié)果顯示:銅魚(yú)在以落水為主的流量過(guò)程中產(chǎn)卵和以漲水為主的流量過(guò)程中產(chǎn)卵的比例為11:17,每年產(chǎn)卵日為20~26天,在日均產(chǎn)卵量上,高流量脈沖和洪水大于低流量組分;2012年蓄水后銅魚(yú)產(chǎn)卵量明顯減少,蓄水前年均產(chǎn)卵量16.395×107ind,蓄水后年均產(chǎn)卵量4.19×107ind,高流量脈沖歷時(shí)也明顯減少,蓄水前年均歷時(shí)17天,蓄水后年均歷時(shí)8天;不同來(lái)水條件下,出現(xiàn)時(shí)間指標(biāo)在0.01顯著性水平下通過(guò)差異顯著性檢驗(yàn),起漲流量指標(biāo)在0.02顯著性水平下通過(guò)差異顯著性檢驗(yàn);發(fā)生過(guò)產(chǎn)卵的高流量脈沖主要特征指標(biāo)變化范圍如下,出現(xiàn)時(shí)間,5月上旬~7月上旬,起漲流量,4010-10600 m3/s,起漲漲幅,300-6840 m3/s,平均漲幅,187-3940 m3/s,峰值流量,4890-25900 m3/s;歷時(shí),3-42天;平均漲幅在850 m3/s時(shí),銅魚(yú)產(chǎn)卵量達(dá)到峰值;必須的、適宜的、最佳的三種生態(tài)流量方案年份次數(shù)分別為1次、不超過(guò)3次、不超過(guò)5次。
[Abstract]:The National Nature Reserve of rare and unique Fish in the Upper reaches of the Yangtze River is located in the main stream section of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in the lower reaches of Xiangjioba Hydropower Station. There are more than 190 species of fish distributed in the reserve, which has important academic and economic value. However, with the development and operation of Xiangjioba and other cascade power stations in the upper reaches, the natural flow conditions of the main stream of the reserve have been affected to a certain extent, and the certain flow conditions of fish during the spawning and reproduction period are the necessary conditions for the completion of the spawning process. The survival rate at this stage is directly related to the size of interannual supplement of fish, which is the main reason for the change of population and age structure. In recent years, the number of fish species and fish resources in protected areas has shown a downward trend. Alien fish, on the other hand, have increased by six species. Under this background, among the representative fish in six kinds of protected areas, the copper fish with rich monitoring data and the largest catch was selected as the representative fish, and the ecological flow demand during the spawning and reproduction period was comprehensively analyzed. It not only has the practical significance of protecting the important economic fish, but also has the demand for the flow process of the drifting oocyte, which is represented by the copper fish, during the spawning period. The effect of water storage on the spawning of fish in the lower reaches of the river has certain scientific significance. Based on the spawning data of copper fish from 2009 to 2015 in the section of Jiang Jin section of the protected area and the flow data of 1954 / 2015 in Zhutuo station, the characteristics of spawning of copper fish were statistically analyzed, and the changes of flow components and spawning volume before and after water storage were compared and analyzed. After recalibrating the parameters, the correlation between spawning and flow components of copper fish was analyzed by IHA software. For the high flow pulse process of copper fish spawning period, this paper puts forward seven characteristic indexes: occurrence time, rising flow, rising and rising, average increase, peak flow, duration and annual occurrence times, and from before impoundment, different incoming water conditions. The statistical characteristics of ecological significance are analyzed in three aspects. Based on the idea of "basic flow high flow pulse", the design method of ecological flow during spawning period of copper fish in protected area is given, and three levels of ecological flow schemes are put forward according to the number of annual occurrence: "necessary", "suitable" and "best". The results showed that the proportion of spawning in the process of falling water and rising water was 11 鈮，

本文編號(hào)：2485036