本文選題：環(huán)境政策 + 環(huán)境技術(shù)�。� 參考：《吉林大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：解決經(jīng)濟(jì)和環(huán)境之間矛盾的關(guān)鍵在于環(huán)境技術(shù)進(jìn)步,只有清潔技術(shù)在經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)中逐步取代非清潔技術(shù),才能實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展向清潔方向轉(zhuǎn)變。環(huán)境技術(shù)進(jìn)步在自由市場條件下發(fā)展速度低于社會福利最優(yōu)水平,需要政府環(huán)境政策激勵(lì)才能快速發(fā)展。因此,研究環(huán)境技術(shù)進(jìn)步內(nèi)生機(jī)理和檢驗(yàn)環(huán)境政策效果具有重要意義。本文構(gòu)建一般均衡模型用以分析環(huán)境技術(shù)進(jìn)步內(nèi)生化機(jī)理,并選用專利數(shù)據(jù)作為衡量技術(shù)進(jìn)步水平的指標(biāo),實(shí)證檢驗(yàn)影響中國制造業(yè)行業(yè)環(huán)境技術(shù)進(jìn)步方向的主要因素和中國環(huán)境法律激勵(lì)環(huán)境技術(shù)進(jìn)步的效果,以及油價(jià)在中國汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)環(huán)境技術(shù)進(jìn)步方向方面所起作用,并得到以下主要結(jié)論:一、構(gòu)建以清潔和非清潔兩部門為主體的一般均衡模型,發(fā)現(xiàn)不同經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境條件下影響清潔技術(shù)進(jìn)步方向的因素存在差異。在封閉經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境下,技術(shù)進(jìn)步方向主要受當(dāng)前技術(shù)水平影響,技術(shù)水平高的部門其技術(shù)進(jìn)步速度更快;技術(shù)水平低的部門其技術(shù)進(jìn)步速度較慢,因而需要政府環(huán)境政策介入以促進(jìn)清潔技術(shù)發(fā)展。例如,對污染產(chǎn)品征收從價(jià)稅和對清潔產(chǎn)品研發(fā)進(jìn)行補(bǔ)貼兩種政策手段對清潔技術(shù)進(jìn)步具有激勵(lì)作用。在開放經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境條件下,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)國際間貨物貿(mào)易可提升兩部門產(chǎn)品相對價(jià)格,并增強(qiáng)發(fā)展中國家在非清潔產(chǎn)品方面的比較優(yōu)勢,對清潔技術(shù)進(jìn)步具有負(fù)向作用。另外,發(fā)展中國家通過技術(shù)引進(jìn)和模仿同樣能夠提高清潔技術(shù)水平。二、自由市場條件下,清潔和非清潔部門的技術(shù)進(jìn)步率取決于兩部門技術(shù)儲備和科學(xué)家數(shù)量。均衡增長路徑上,清潔和非清潔技術(shù)進(jìn)步率和勞動(dòng)力結(jié)構(gòu)均受科學(xué)家貢獻(xiàn)率影響。當(dāng)非清潔部門污染排放達(dá)到環(huán)境承載上限時(shí),經(jīng)濟(jì)增長將依賴清潔技術(shù)部門。若兩部門間呈替代關(guān)系,清潔部門技術(shù)進(jìn)步速度將逐步提升;當(dāng)兩部門間為互補(bǔ)關(guān)系時(shí),自由市場條件下清潔技術(shù)進(jìn)步將停滯。均衡增長路徑在兩部門間呈替代關(guān)系時(shí),為不穩(wěn)定均衡,外部沖擊可導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)向清潔或非清潔方向。因此,通過環(huán)境政策能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方向轉(zhuǎn)變。均衡增長路徑在兩部門間為互補(bǔ)關(guān)系時(shí),為穩(wěn)定均衡,清潔技術(shù)進(jìn)步受到制約。清潔部門科學(xué)家規(guī)模是決定清潔技術(shù)進(jìn)步率的關(guān)鍵。本文建議,政府可從勞動(dòng)力結(jié)構(gòu)方面入手,通過工資補(bǔ)貼激勵(lì)科學(xué)家進(jìn)入清潔部門,通過教育補(bǔ)貼誘導(dǎo)年輕人從事清潔技術(shù)研發(fā),如此清潔部門科學(xué)家規(guī)模的迅速擴(kuò)大將促進(jìn)清潔技術(shù)長期快速發(fā)展。三、本文選用中國制造業(yè)行業(yè)專利面板數(shù)據(jù)展開實(shí)證分析,結(jié)果表明:國際貿(mào)易、環(huán)境規(guī)制、市場收益和所有制結(jié)構(gòu)對環(huán)境技術(shù)進(jìn)步方向具有偏向性影響。第一、出口貿(mào)易對清潔技術(shù)和非清潔技術(shù)均有正向影響,但偏向非清潔技術(shù)方向;第二、進(jìn)口貿(mào)易顯著激勵(lì)清潔技術(shù)進(jìn)步,對非清潔技術(shù)進(jìn)步有負(fù)向影響,偏向清潔技術(shù)方向;第三、環(huán)境規(guī)制具有激勵(lì)清潔技術(shù)進(jìn)步效果,但對非清潔技術(shù)進(jìn)步同樣有正向影響且作用更強(qiáng),本文認(rèn)為此種情形是由于中國目前環(huán)境政策以行政指令型為主,環(huán)境監(jiān)管不完善和執(zhí)法不嚴(yán)格所造成;第四、國內(nèi)市場收益對清潔技術(shù)和非清潔技術(shù)進(jìn)步都有激勵(lì)效果,但對非清潔技術(shù)進(jìn)步影響更強(qiáng),偏向非清潔方向,可見市場經(jīng)濟(jì)型環(huán)境政策是促進(jìn)清潔技術(shù)進(jìn)步的最佳手段;第五、國有經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模與清潔技術(shù)和非清潔技術(shù)進(jìn)步均呈負(fù)向關(guān)系,外資規(guī)模和清潔技術(shù)進(jìn)步呈正向關(guān)系,與非清潔技術(shù)進(jìn)步呈負(fù)向關(guān)系,偏向清潔方向。四、通過虛擬變量方法,本文檢驗(yàn)了環(huán)境保護(hù)法律出臺之后清潔技術(shù)進(jìn)步率的變化情況,結(jié)果表明清潔技術(shù)進(jìn)步率提升大約1%。利用倍差法估計(jì)中國環(huán)境保護(hù)法律對環(huán)境技術(shù)進(jìn)步的影響,結(jié)果表明中國環(huán)境保護(hù)法律對清潔技術(shù)進(jìn)步率并未產(chǎn)生統(tǒng)計(jì)上顯著的影響,即清潔技術(shù)進(jìn)步并未因環(huán)境保護(hù)法律的出臺而以高于環(huán)保法律出臺前的速度發(fā)展。本文檢驗(yàn)不同滯后期下環(huán)境保護(hù)法律的實(shí)施效果,回歸結(jié)果顯示中國環(huán)境保護(hù)法律對環(huán)境技術(shù)進(jìn)步的激勵(lì)效果并未隨時(shí)間推移而顯現(xiàn)。針對中國環(huán)境保護(hù)法律的邊際影響的檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明中國清潔技術(shù)進(jìn)步率并未因中國環(huán)境保護(hù)法律的出臺而產(chǎn)生顯著變化。五、選擇含稅油價(jià)作為衡量碳稅政策的指標(biāo),利用中國汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)清潔技術(shù)和非清潔技術(shù)發(fā)明專利面板數(shù)據(jù),本文采用泊松回歸和負(fù)二項(xiàng)式回歸兩種模型,分析燃油價(jià)格上升對清潔和非清潔技術(shù)進(jìn)步方向的影響,檢驗(yàn)路徑依賴效應(yīng)。結(jié)果表明,油價(jià)提升對汽車企業(yè)清潔技術(shù)進(jìn)步具有促進(jìn)作用,對非清潔技術(shù)進(jìn)步具有抑制作用,并且隨時(shí)間增加抑制作用逐漸增強(qiáng)。廠商自身技術(shù)儲備對未來同領(lǐng)域的技術(shù)進(jìn)步起主導(dǎo)作用,體現(xiàn)出明顯的路徑依賴效應(yīng)。中國廠商的技術(shù)進(jìn)步同樣受到國內(nèi)其他廠商技術(shù)儲備的影響,國外廠商技術(shù)存量對中國企業(yè)技術(shù)專利的申請影響較弱。此外,收入水平對清潔技術(shù)和非清潔技術(shù)都有正向影響,但不顯著。油價(jià)滯后項(xiàng)對非清潔技術(shù)進(jìn)步有顯著負(fù)向影響,對清潔技術(shù)進(jìn)步影響則較弱。因此,政府通過稅收提高油價(jià)能夠調(diào)整汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)進(jìn)步方向,以此促進(jìn)清潔技術(shù)進(jìn)步,降低溫室氣體排放。
[Abstract]:The key to solving the contradiction between the economy and the environment lies in the progress of the environment technology. Only the clean technology is gradually replacing the non clean technology in the economic activity, can the economic development change to the clean direction. The development of the environmental technology is lower than the optimal level of the social welfare under the free market conditions, and the government's environmental policy can be encouraged. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the endogenous mechanism of environmental technology progress and to test the effect of environmental policy. This paper constructs a general equilibrium model to analyze the endogenous biochemical mechanism of environmental technology progress, and selects patent data as an indicator to measure the level of technological progress, and empirically examines the influence of environmental technology progress in China's manufacturing industry. The main factors and the effect of environmental law on environmental technology progress in China, and the effect of oil price on the direction of environmental technology progress in China's auto industry, and get the following main conclusions: first, a general equilibrium model with clean and non clean two departments as the main body is constructed, and the cleaning technology is found under different economic environment conditions. There are different factors in the direction of progress. In the closed economic environment, the direction of technological progress is mainly influenced by the current technological level, and the technology progress is faster in the Department with high technical level; the technology progress is slow in the low technical level. Therefore, the government environmental policies need to intervene to promote the development of clean technology. For example, the pollution production. In the open economy environment, the research found that international trade in goods can improve the relative price of two sector products, and enhance the comparative advantages of developing countries in non clean products, and improve the clean technology progress in the open economic environment. In addition, the developing countries can also improve the level of clean technology through technology introduction and imitation. Two, under free market conditions, the rate of technological progress in the clean and non clean sectors depends on the two sector technical reserves and the number of scientists. On the balanced growth path, the rate of clean and non clean technology progress and the structure of the labor force are both on the balanced growth path. It is influenced by the contribution rate of scientists. When the pollution emission of the non clean sector reaches the upper limit of the environmental bearing capacity, the economic growth will depend on the clean technology sector. If the two departments have an alternative relationship, the speed of the technological progress of the clean sector will be gradually improved; when the two sectors are complementary, the clean technology progress will stagnate under the free market conditions. When the path is an alternative relationship between the two sectors, the external impact can lead to a clean or non clean economic direction. Therefore, the economic development direction can be realized through environmental policy. The equilibrium growth path is a stable equilibrium and the clean technology progress is restricted when the equilibrium growth path is complementary to the two sectors. Clean sector scientists Scale is the key to determining the rate of clean technology progress. This article suggests that the government can start with the labor structure, encourage scientists to enter the clean sector through wage subsidies, and induce young people to engage in clean technology research and development through educational subsidies, so that the rapid expansion of the scale of scientists in the clean sector will promote the long-term and rapid development of clean technology. Three, this paper uses the patent panel data of China's manufacturing industry to carry out an empirical analysis. The results show that international trade, environmental regulation, market income and ownership structure have a biased impact on the direction of environmental technology progress. First, export trade has a positive impact on clean technology and non clean technology, but it is biased towards non clean technology; Two, import trade significantly encourages clean technology progress, has a negative impact on the progress of non clean technology, and is biased towards the direction of clean technology. Third, environmental regulation has the effect of encouraging clean technology progress, but also has a positive impact on the progress of non clean technology and has a stronger role. This kind of situation is due to the current environmental policy of China as a result of administration. Instruction type is the main type, the environmental supervision is not perfect and the law enforcement is not strict; fourth, the domestic market income has an incentive effect on clean technology and non clean technology progress, but it has more influence on the progress of non clean technology and is biased towards the non clean direction. It can be seen that the market economy environment policy is the best means to promote the progress of clean technology; Fifth The economic scale has a negative relationship with clean technology and the progress of non clean technology. The scale of foreign investment has a positive relationship with the progress of clean technology. It has a negative relationship with the progress of non clean technology and is biased towards the clean direction. Four. Through the virtual variable method, this paper examines the change of the rate of clean technology progress after the environmental protection law is out of stage. The improvement rate of clean technology has been improved by about 1%.. The effect of China's environmental protection law on environmental technology progress is estimated by the difference method. The result shows that China's environmental protection law does not have a significant statistical impact on the progress rate of clean technology. That is, the progress of clean technology is not introduced by environmental protection law and is higher than environmental protection law. The results show that the incentive effect of China's environmental protection law on environmental technology progress does not appear with the passage of time. The results of the marginal impact of China's environmental protection law show that the progress rate of China's clean technology is not in the middle. The law of environmental protection in China has produced significant changes. Five, choosing the price of oil as a measure of the carbon tax policy, using the Chinese automobile industry clean technology and the non clean technology to invent the patent panel data, this paper uses two models of Poisson regression and negative binomial regression to analyze the clean and non clean technology in the rise of fuel price. The result shows that the improvement of oil price has a promoting effect on the progress of clean technology in automobile enterprises, and has a inhibitory effect on the progress of non clean technology, and the inhibition effect is gradually increased with time. The technological progress of Chinese manufacturers is also affected by the technical reserves of other domestic manufacturers, and the technological stock of foreign manufacturers has a weak impact on the application of Chinese enterprises' technology patents. In addition, the income level has a positive impact on clean technology and non clean technology, but it is not significant. The lag item on oil prices is not clean technology progress. There is a significant negative impact on the progress of clean technology. Therefore, the government can adjust the technological progress of the automobile industry by raising the price of oil through tax, in order to promote the progress of clean technology and reduce the emission of greenhouse gas.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：X38

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