本文關(guān)鍵詞： 商業(yè)銀行 不良貸款 成因 防控　出處：《西南財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)》2016年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：銀行業(yè)對(duì)于經(jīng)濟(jì)的支持能力是不言而喻的,一旦銀行發(fā)生重要危機(jī),對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的打擊往往是巨大的,甚至是致命的。不良貸款率作為衡量銀行能力的重要指標(biāo)之一,它不僅是銀行必須管理的,同時(shí)也可以給一個(gè)國(guó)家的整體經(jīng)濟(jì)帶來警示作用。從國(guó)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)來看,銀行業(yè)的不良貸款是誘發(fā)金融危機(jī)的重要原因,甚至它在危機(jī)中可以拖垮經(jīng)濟(jì)使整個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境處于惡循環(huán)。因此,各國(guó)都非常注重對(duì)不良貸款的管理。和大多數(shù)國(guó)家不同,我國(guó)商業(yè)銀行在改革前的不良貸款主要產(chǎn)生在計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)和制度轉(zhuǎn)軌時(shí)期,政策性因素非常強(qiáng)烈,再加上當(dāng)時(shí)的銀行普遍沒有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)意識(shí),自身管理存在問題。而通過這一輪我國(guó)不良貸款持續(xù)暴露而凸顯的問題發(fā)現(xiàn),經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境依然有著非常明顯的影響,而銀行自身管理的問題也依舊突出,正是宏觀微觀的共同影響引發(fā)了這一輪不良貸款的新增。我國(guó)在改革開放進(jìn)程中一直非常注重對(duì)不良貸款的處置與防控,1999年,我國(guó)先后成立了信達(dá)、華融、東方和長(zhǎng)城四家資產(chǎn)管理公司,對(duì)國(guó)有銀行的不良資產(chǎn)進(jìn)行了剝離,提高國(guó)有銀行資產(chǎn)質(zhì)量的同時(shí),也為之后的股份制改革打下了良好基礎(chǔ)。2003年銀監(jiān)會(huì)的成立更是加大了銀行業(yè)的監(jiān)管力度,有效控制了商業(yè)銀行不良貸款。我國(guó)銀行業(yè)的發(fā)展隨后進(jìn)入了輝煌期,國(guó)內(nèi)的經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境與金融活動(dòng)形成了良性互動(dòng),實(shí)體經(jīng)濟(jì)與銀行業(yè)均連續(xù)多年實(shí)現(xiàn)快速且理想的發(fā)展。從上個(gè)世紀(jì)90年代開始的治理金融“三亂”,到之后對(duì)國(guó)有銀行的股份制改革,其核心都是為了降低不良貸款率,我國(guó)銀行業(yè)曾一度實(shí)現(xiàn)不良貸款余額和不良貸款率“雙降”。在2008年的金融危機(jī)中,我國(guó)的銀行業(yè)可謂一枝獨(dú)秀,沒有受到大的打擊,反而危中取機(jī),找到機(jī)會(huì),快速發(fā)展,越來越多的中資銀行躋身世界銀行前列。2011年的9月是我國(guó)商業(yè)銀行有規(guī)范統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)以來不良貸款的最低點(diǎn),不良貸款余額為4078億元,不良貸款率為0.9%。然而,從2011年第四季度開始,我國(guó)商業(yè)銀行不良貸款余額開始逐季上升,至今已反彈16個(gè)季度,“雙降”的階段早已結(jié)束,引發(fā)了社會(huì)的強(qiáng)烈關(guān)注。再加上現(xiàn)在我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)處于增速放緩,這些都給我國(guó)商業(yè)銀行貸款質(zhì)量帶來壓力。因此,研究不良貸款的問題具有很高價(jià)值,而研究不良貸款的成因和防控更是可以幫助商業(yè)銀行全面管理不良貸款,具有現(xiàn)實(shí)意義�；谶@樣的背景,本文通過介紹A行大慶分行這一案例來展開論述。由于大慶是資源型城市,石油資源非常豐富,而石油石化產(chǎn)業(yè)貢獻(xiàn)了當(dāng)?shù)刂饕腉DP,因此A分行的不良貸款很依賴大慶市的石油石化相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)。經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)快,石油石化產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展地好,則A分行的不良貸款率較低,反之則不良貸款率上升。由于A分行的管理原因,該行從2010年開始才較大規(guī)模發(fā)放貸款,再加上當(dāng)時(shí)大慶石油價(jià)格高,石油石化相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)非常好,因此一開始的不良貸款率非常低。雖然現(xiàn)在它的不良貸款率仍是整體銀行業(yè)的一半,但它的上漲速度已快于整體銀行業(yè)的上漲速度,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)已逐漸凸顯,后續(xù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)將越來越大。由于宏觀環(huán)境的影響再加上A分行自身問題,A分行并沒有利用好不良貸款率低的高起點(diǎn),因此將該案例作為代表案例,對(duì)該分行進(jìn)行研究和分析,為其他基層銀行帶來指導(dǎo)作用。本文主要運(yùn)用實(shí)證與理論分析相結(jié)合和典型案例分析法,通過座談、討論等形式對(duì)該行不良貸款的情況進(jìn)行了解,再結(jié)合不良貸款的形成理論,分析了其不良貸款的成因并提了防控建議,為不良貸款問題提供了理論和實(shí)證參考,并通過對(duì)A分行不良貸款的實(shí)際案例總結(jié)了A分行存在的問題。本文首先從介紹不良貸款的基本概念、國(guó)際及國(guó)內(nèi)分類和不良貸款形成的三大主要理論出發(fā),之后對(duì)比了我國(guó)銀行業(yè)和A分行不良貸款的現(xiàn)狀,并分析了A分行不良貸款的特點(diǎn)。然后通過A分行不良貸款的案例,找出可能導(dǎo)致不良貸款原因的因素,逐漸引入對(duì)A分行不良貸款成因的探討。接下來,結(jié)合不良貸款的形成理論和案例得到的啟示,從宏觀因素、A分行自身因素以及借款人因素重點(diǎn)分析了A分行不良貸款的成因。其中經(jīng)濟(jì)波動(dòng)、產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)單一、大慶市金融業(yè)的環(huán)境及政府監(jiān)管及法制是宏觀方面A分行不良貸款的主要原因；A分行自身,主要是人員素質(zhì)不達(dá)標(biāo)、貸款質(zhì)量管理不合格以及風(fēng)險(xiǎn)意識(shí)淡薄的原因,而借款人作為資金的使用者,其信用、財(cái)務(wù)狀況和經(jīng)營(yíng)管理同樣會(huì)影響A分行的不良貸款。最后,本文介紹了A分行不良貸款現(xiàn)階段的處置情況,得出A分行處置方式過于單一的結(jié)論,并結(jié)合上述的成因分析,從宏觀、A分行自身以及借款人三個(gè)方面對(duì)A分行防控不良貸款提了建議。宏觀方面,建立可靠的信用體系,改善銀企信息不對(duì)稱；推進(jìn)大慶市產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型,否則經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)單一易受宏觀影響,還會(huì)影響大慶市經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展；推動(dòng)大慶市金融業(yè)改革創(chuàng)新,利用自身的能源優(yōu)勢(shì),推出以服務(wù)石油石化金融為特色的創(chuàng)新；加強(qiáng)監(jiān)管及法律建設(shè),促進(jìn)正面競(jìng)爭(zhēng),嚴(yán)格規(guī)范銀行行為,加強(qiáng)法制建設(shè),完善相關(guān)法律法規(guī)。A分行自身方面,關(guān)注并適應(yīng)宏觀環(huán)境,及時(shí)捕捉國(guó)家的政策,找到適合的放貸機(jī)會(huì),保證資產(chǎn)質(zhì)量；提高人員素質(zhì),加強(qiáng)服務(wù)質(zhì)量；加強(qiáng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理,不斷進(jìn)取,做好迎接挑戰(zhàn)的準(zhǔn)備。而借款人方面,注重自身信用、經(jīng)營(yíng)管理情況和財(cái)務(wù)狀況,同銀行加強(qiáng)聯(lián)系,這些都可以直接降低A分行的不良貸款。
[Abstract]:The banking industry is self-evident for the ability to support the economy, once the bank has an important crisis, the economic blow is often huge, even fatal. The rate of bad loans is one of the important indicators to measure the ability of the bank, it is not only the bank must manage, but also can bring a warning to the whole national economy from international experience, non-performing loans in the banking sector is an important cause of the financial crisis, even in crisis can drag the economy down the entire economic environment in the vicious circle. Therefore, all countries attach great importance to the management of non-performing loans. Unlike most countries, commercial banks in China before the reform of bad loans mainly produce in the planned economy system and the transition period, the policy factor is very strong, plus the bank generally no risk awareness, own management problems and through this. That round of China continued exposure to bad loans, and highlights the problems, economic environment still has a very significant impact, and the management of the bank's problems are still outstanding, it is the common effect of macro and micro triggered a new round of non-performing loans. China's reform and opening process has been very focused on prevention and disposal on 1999, non-performing loans, China has set up a XinDa, Huarong, the Great Wall and the East four Asset Management Co, the state-owned banks stripped the bad assets, improve asset quality of state-owned banks at the same time, also after the joint-stock reform has laid a good foundation for the establishment of the CBRC.2003 is intensified banking supervision, effective control of the non-performing loans of commercial banks. The development of China's banking industry then entered a golden period, the domestic economic environment and financial activities and formed a benign interaction, the entity The economy and banking sector are for many years to achieve the fast development and ideal. From the last century began in 90s of the financial governance "three", after the joint-stock reform of state-owned banks, its core is to reduce the rate of non-performing loans, China's banking industry once bad loans and non-performing loan rate double down ". In the 2008 financial crisis, China's banking industry is thriving, has not been a big blow, but dangerous in machine, found the opportunity of rapid development, more and more Chinese banks among the forefront of the world bank.2011 in September is China's commercial banks have since statistics of non-performing loans of the specification low non-performing loans amounted to 407 billion 800 million yuan, non-performing loan ratio was 0.9%.. However, from the beginning of the fourth quarter of 2011, the balance of non-performing loans of commercial banks in China began to rise quarter by quarter, has rebounded in the 16 quarter," double down "order Period has ended, triggered a strong concern of the society. And now, China's economy is in a slowdown, these are for our country commercial bank loan quality to bring pressure. Therefore, study on the problems of non-performing loans has very high value, causes and prevention and control of non-performing loans is more comprehensive can help the management of non-performing loans of commercial banks that is of practical significance. Based on this background, this paper introduces the case of A bank Daqing branch to discuss. Because Daqing is a resource-based city, oil resources are very rich, the petroleum and petrochemical industry contributed to the GDP when the landlord, the petroleum and petrochemical related industries so the A branch of non-performing loans is very dependent on the city of Daqing. Fast economic growth, the development of petroleum and petrochemical industry, the A branch of the non-performing loan rate is low, whereas the rate of non-performing loans increased. Due to management of A branch, the bank from 2010 began to Large loans, coupled with the Daqing high oil prices, oil and petrochemical industry is very good, so the beginning of the non-performing loan ratio is very low. Although it is still the rate of non-performing loans of the banking sector as a whole half, but it has been rising faster than the overall banking sector rose faster, the risk has been highlighted gradually. The risk will increase. Due to the impact of the macroeconomic environment coupled with the A branch of A branch of their own problems, and not high starting point the low utilization rate of good bad loans, so the case as a representative case study and analysis of the branch, bring the guiding role for other grassroots bank. This paper mainly uses the empirical analysis with the combination of theory and case analysis, through the discussion, to understand the situation of the discussions and other forms of non-performing loans, combined with the theory of the formation of non-performing loans, analyzing the causes of the bad loans And proposes the suggestion of prevention and control, to provide a theoretical and empirical reference for the problem of non-performing loans, and summarizes the existing problems of A branch through the actual case of A branch of non-performing loans. This paper introduces the basic concept of the non-performing loans of the three major domestic and international classification and theory of the formation of non-performing loans, compared to the status quo China's banking industry and the A branch of bad loans, and analyze the characteristics of the A branch of the non-performing loans. Then through the A branch of bad loan case, find out the factors that might lead to reasons of bad loans, the gradual introduction of discussion on A branch reasons of bad loans. Then, combined with the formation of non-performing loans by theory and case revelation from the macro factors, A branch's factors and borrower factors analyzed the cause of A branch of non-performing loans. The economic fluctuation, single industrial structure, Daqing City financial industry and environment The government supervision and the legal system is the main reason for the macro A branch of non-performing loans; A is the main branch of its own, personnel quality standards, quality management and the reasons of unqualified loan risk consciousness, and the borrower as the user of the capital, credit, financial and business management will also affect the A branch of the last bad loans. This paper introduces the disposal of the case, the A branch of non-performing loans at the present stage, the A branch of disposal over a single conclusion, combined with the analysis of the causes, from the macro, three aspects of A branch and the borrower provided advice to the A branch of prevention and control of non-performing loans. The macroscopic aspect, to establish a reliable credit system, improve bank information asymmetry; promote the transformation of Daqing city industry, otherwise easily affected by the macro economic structure, but also affect the economic development of Daqing city; to promote the reform and innovation of financial industry in Daqing, Li With the advantages of its own energy, the introduction of innovative services to the petroleum and petrochemical financial characteristics; strengthen supervision and legal construction, promote positive competition, strictly regulate the behavior of banks, strengthen the construction of legal system, perfecting the relevant laws and regulations of.A branch, and adapt to the macro environment, timely capture of national policy, to find suitable lending opportunities, ensure asset quality; improve the quality of personnel, strengthen service quality; strengthen risk management, continuous improvement, ready to meet the challenge of the borrower. While, pay attention to their own credit management and financial status, strengthen the contact with the bank, which can directly reduce the A branch of the non-performing loans.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：F832.4

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