本文選題：環(huán)境效應(yīng) + 隱含污染��； 參考：《中國社會科學(xué)院研究生院》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：當(dāng)前,全球氣候變化及其應(yīng)對舉世矚目。從1979召開的第l屆世界氣候大會,到2016年正式生效的《巴黎協(xié)定》,凸顯了全球氣候治理日益成為國際社會的共識。隨著人類環(huán)保意識的不斷增強,作為重要經(jīng)濟活動的國際貿(mào)易,其與環(huán)境的關(guān)系日益成為焦點。從中國角度看,改革開放近四十年來,經(jīng)濟社會取得了重大發(fā)展,這其中對外貿(mào)易功不可沒。但與此同時,中國資源消耗和環(huán)境污染問題也日益突出,給國內(nèi)生態(tài)環(huán)境造成較大壓力,在國際氣候談判中要求中國承擔(dān)更多溫室氣體減排義務(wù)的呼聲也與日高漲。中國為此做出了不懈努力,目前已確立了包括“綠色發(fā)展”和“開放發(fā)展”在內(nèi)的“五大發(fā)展理念”,成為指導(dǎo)中國“十三五”時期國民經(jīng)濟和社會發(fā)展的核心理念。經(jīng)濟發(fā)展轉(zhuǎn)型是大勢所趨。因此,全面準(zhǔn)確地認(rèn)識中國對外貿(mào)易與環(huán)境的關(guān)系,明確綠色發(fā)展導(dǎo)向?qū)ν赓Q(mào)易的影響,實現(xiàn)既有貿(mào)易增長從而經(jīng)濟發(fā)展、又有環(huán)境改善的“雙贏”局面,這對實現(xiàn)中國更好的發(fā)展,以及在維護自己正當(dāng)權(quán)利基礎(chǔ)上努力構(gòu)建人類命運共同體,都具有十分重要的參考借鑒意義。本文圍繞這些問題做了一些探索。在梳理了國內(nèi)外有關(guān)研究成果基礎(chǔ)上,本文進行了理論和實證研究,從不同的研究視角并采取多種方法,分析了中國對外貿(mào)易與環(huán)境污染基本情況、對環(huán)境的影響效應(yīng),測算研究了中國外貿(mào)隱含污染、與主要貿(mào)易伙伴增加值貿(mào)易含污量,探討了“開放發(fā)展”與“綠色發(fā)展”的耦合促進等問題,據(jù)此提出針對性的政策建議。本文主要內(nèi)容與研究基本結(jié)論如下:首先,本文在回顧了有關(guān)研究的基礎(chǔ)之上,梳理了對外貿(mào)易對環(huán)境產(chǎn)生的影響及其作用機理,為后文研究相關(guān)問題做了理論鋪墊。其次,本文搜集整理了中國對外貿(mào)易與環(huán)境污染有關(guān)統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)等基本情況,考察環(huán)境污染與對外貿(mào)易間的關(guān)系及其變化。研究證明,從絕對視角來看,中國對外貿(mào)易與環(huán)境污染總體呈現(xiàn)同步增長態(tài)勢;從相對視角來看,中國對外貿(mào)易較國內(nèi)整個生產(chǎn)來說更為節(jié)約資源和保護環(huán)境。再次,本文從對外貿(mào)易的環(huán)境影響效應(yīng)與隱含污染兩個層面,進一步從實證角度研究分析了中國對外貿(mào)易的環(huán)境污染問題。在前一個層面即對外貿(mào)易的環(huán)境影響效應(yīng)上,本文分別基于時間序列數(shù)據(jù)和省際面板數(shù)據(jù)進行了實證分析。研究證實了中國對外貿(mào)易發(fā)展與污染排放間存在長期穩(wěn)定的協(xié)整關(guān)系,并將中國對外貿(mào)易的環(huán)境效應(yīng)分解為規(guī)模、結(jié)構(gòu)、開放和技術(shù)四類效應(yīng),逐一進行了分解分析。規(guī)模效應(yīng)方面,中國對外貿(mào)易的發(fā)展促進了經(jīng)濟增長,客觀上也增加了污染排放,但污染排放達(dá)到一定程度后會下降,驗證了EKC環(huán)境庫茨涅茨曲線的存在;結(jié)構(gòu)效應(yīng)方面,中國資本勞動比的提高一定時期內(nèi)不斷沒有使環(huán)境污染惡化,反而使得產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)向更為清潔的方向轉(zhuǎn)化,從而使得污染排放量出現(xiàn)下降;開放效應(yīng)方面,貿(mào)易開放度增加對各地區(qū)工業(yè)廢水有減排、工業(yè)廢氣有增排作用;技術(shù)效應(yīng)方面,技術(shù)進步對環(huán)境質(zhì)量改善起到積極作用。在后一個層面即對外貿(mào)易隱含污染上,根據(jù)投入產(chǎn)出表的類型,依次從單區(qū)域競爭型和多區(qū)域非競爭型兩個角度進行了研究分析�；趩螀^(qū)域競爭型投入產(chǎn)出表角度的研究,分別從總量、行業(yè)方面測算了對外貿(mào)易中的隱含污染排放,并將隱含污染平衡與生態(tài)順逆差結(jié)合起來分析。之后利用SDA方法對影響對外貿(mào)易隱含污染排放變動的因素進行了分解。研究表明,中國各部門工業(yè)“三廢”排放強度都得以明顯改善,相應(yīng)的進出口隱含污染排放量總體均先升后降,表明對外貿(mào)易引致的環(huán)境污染先惡化后改善。對外貿(mào)易在工業(yè)廢水方面伴隨著“生態(tài)逆差”從而不利于環(huán)境質(zhì)量改善,而在其他幾類污染物方面又伴隨著“生態(tài)順差”從而有利于環(huán)境質(zhì)量改善。SDA因素分解發(fā)現(xiàn),無論是出口還是進口,規(guī)模效應(yīng)為正,表明貿(mào)易的擴張均是導(dǎo)致進出口隱含污染增排的最主要動因;技術(shù)效應(yīng)為負(fù),表明各行業(yè)污染排放系數(shù)的改善是抑制進出口隱含污染增排的最重要原因;結(jié)構(gòu)效應(yīng)對隱含污染排放在不同年份和不同污染指標(biāo)方面正負(fù)作用不定,且該效應(yīng)的影響程度相對較小�；诙鄥^(qū)域非競爭型投入產(chǎn)出表角度的研究,旨在消除傳統(tǒng)的總值貿(mào)易核算可能存在的高估現(xiàn)象,引入當(dāng)前國際上前沿的增加值貿(mào)易核算體系,以選取WIOD數(shù)據(jù)庫的環(huán)境賬戶表中8種污染氣體加總作為污染指標(biāo),研究了中國與美國、日本、韓國、臺灣地區(qū)、德國這五個主要貿(mào)易伙伴增加值貿(mào)易含污量,并對影響其變化的因素進行了分解研究。研究表明,中國為主要貿(mào)易伙伴負(fù)擔(dān)了較大的環(huán)境成本,存在明顯的“生態(tài)逆差”,對主要貿(mào)易伙伴增加值出口含污總量均先上升后逐步回落趨穩(wěn),同期增加值進口含污量總體呈增長態(tài)勢。從貿(mào)易污染條件方面來看,中國與主要貿(mào)易伙伴間的貿(mào)易背后承擔(dān)的環(huán)境污染壓力較大,但中國單位進出口含污量相對有不斷改善的趨勢。對主要貿(mào)易伙伴進出口凈含污量最大的部門,主要有電子和光學(xué)設(shè)備部門、紡織業(yè)與皮革及其制品部門、基本金屬和金屬制品部門等。單位增加值貿(mào)易含污量的SDA分解發(fā)現(xiàn),無論出口還是進口,技術(shù)效應(yīng)全部為負(fù),結(jié)構(gòu)效應(yīng)帶有不確定性,總效應(yīng)全部為負(fù),表明單位增加值出口和進口的含污量均在不斷下降。另外,本文基于對外貿(mào)易環(huán)境影響效應(yīng)研究,探討了開放發(fā)展與綠色發(fā)展之間的耦合關(guān)系,分析了兩者之間的耦合基礎(chǔ)和耦合傳導(dǎo)機制,并從政治經(jīng)濟學(xué)角度提出了實現(xiàn)開放發(fā)展與綠色發(fā)展耦合促進的思路啟示。本文認(rèn)為開放發(fā)展與綠色發(fā)展兩者之間具有鮮明的辯證統(tǒng)一、相輔相成關(guān)系,這構(gòu)成了兩者耦合的基礎(chǔ),而國際貿(mào)易和國際投資兩方面構(gòu)成了兩者耦合的傳導(dǎo)機制。要實現(xiàn)開放發(fā)展與綠色發(fā)展耦合促進,需要在理論前提上實現(xiàn)從“經(jīng)濟人”到“生態(tài)人”的假設(shè)轉(zhuǎn)變,需要調(diào)整規(guī)范人與自然的關(guān)系實現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)關(guān)系與生產(chǎn)力的辯證統(tǒng)一,需要實現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)方式和生活方式的綠色統(tǒng)一。最后,本文歸納了前文研究的基本觀點和結(jié)論,并就中國減少對外貿(mào)易對環(huán)境負(fù)面影響、實現(xiàn)貿(mào)易發(fā)展和環(huán)境改善的“雙贏”等方面提出了相關(guān)政策建議。本文認(rèn)為,應(yīng)全方位強化綠色發(fā)展理念,應(yīng)長期堅持對外開放基本國策,應(yīng)加快國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)消費和對外貿(mào)易的綠色轉(zhuǎn)型,應(yīng)加強環(huán)境規(guī)制和法律經(jīng)濟手段運用,應(yīng)繼續(xù)積極參加有關(guān)國際合作。同時,本文對進一步研究進行了展望。
[Abstract]:At present, global climate change and its response to the world's attention. From the L world climate conference held in 1979 to the Paris agreement, which formally entered into force in 2016, the global climate governance has increasingly become the consensus of the international community. With the increasing awareness of human environmental protection, the international trade as an important economic activity and its relationship with the environment From the point of view of China, China has made great progress in economic and social development in the past forty years. However, at the same time, the problem of resources consumption and environmental pollution in China is becoming increasingly prominent, causing great pressure to the domestic ecological environment and demanding more greenhouse gas in the international climate negotiations. China has made unremitting efforts to do so. China has established the "five development concepts" including "green development" and "open development" to guide the national economy and social development of China in the "13th Five-Year" period. To understand the relationship between China's foreign trade and the environment, clear the impact of green development on foreign trade, realize the "win-win" situation of both trade growth, economic development and environmental improvement, which will make China better development and build a community of human destiny on the basis of maintaining its right to be right. On the basis of combing the relevant research results both at home and abroad, this paper has carried out theoretical and empirical research, and analyzed the basic situation of China's foreign trade and environmental pollution and the effect on the environment from different research perspectives and various methods. This paper calculates and studies the hidden pollution of China's foreign trade, and the pollution content of the main trade partners' value added trade, probes into the coupling promotion of "open development" and "green development", and puts forward the pertinent policy suggestions. The main contents and basic conclusions of this paper are as follows: first, the article is based on the review of the relevant research. The impact of foreign trade on the environment and its mechanism of action have been rationed. Secondly, the paper collects and collects the basic situation of China's foreign trade and environmental pollution statistics, and examines the relationship between environmental pollution and foreign trade and its changes. From a relative perspective, China's foreign trade is more resources saving and environmental protection than the whole domestic production. Thirdly, this paper studies and analyses China's foreign trade from two aspects of the environmental impact effect and the implied pollution of foreign trade. On the previous level, the environmental impact effect of foreign trade, this paper makes an empirical analysis based on the time series data and the inter provincial panel data respectively. The study confirms the long-term and stable co integration relationship between China's foreign trade development and pollution emission, and decomposes the environmental effect of China's foreign trade into a rule. The four effects of the model, structure, opening and technology are analyzed one by one. In terms of scale effect, the development of China's foreign trade promotes economic growth and increases the emission of pollution objectively, but the pollution emission will decrease to a certain extent, and the existence of the EKC environment and the structure effect of China's capital labor is verified. The increase of the ratio has not worsened the environmental pollution in a certain period of time, but it makes the industrial structure turn to a cleaner direction, thus reducing the emission of pollution; in the open effect, the increase of trade openness will reduce the industrial waste water in various regions, the industrial waste gas has an increase in exhaust, technical effect, the technological progress to the environment Quality improvement plays a positive role. On the latter level, the implied pollution of foreign trade, according to the type of input-output table, is analyzed from two angles of single region competitive and multi regional non competitive. The implicit pollution emission of Yi Zhong is combined with the combination of the implicit pollution balance and the ecological adverse balance. Then the SDA method is used to decompose the factors that affect the changes in the implied pollution of foreign trade. The study shows that the emission intensity of the industrial "three wastes" in China's various sectors can be clearly improved and the corresponding emission of the import and export is implied. The overall level first rises and then decreases, indicating that the environmental pollution caused by foreign trade is first deteriorated and then improved. Foreign trade is accompanied by the "ecological deficit" in industrial waste water, which is unfavorable to the improvement of the environmental quality, while the other kinds of pollutants are accompanied by the "ecological surplus", which is beneficial to the environmental quality improvement.SDA factor decomposition discovery, It is the export or import, and the scale effect is positive, which indicates that the expansion of trade is the most important cause of the increase of implied pollution in the import and export. The technical effect is negative, which indicates that the improvement of the pollution emission coefficient of each industry is the most important reason to restrain the increase of the implied pollution in the import and export. On the basis of the multi region non competitive input-output table angle, the aim of the study is to eliminate the possible overvaluation of the traditional gross trade accounting, and introduce the current international front-end value added trade accounting system, in order to select the environmental account table of the WIOD database 8. The pollution of the five major trade partners of China and the United States, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Germany, and Germany, and the factors affecting its change are studied. The study shows that China has a large environmental cost for the major trading partners, and there is an obvious "ecology". In terms of trade pollution conditions, the environmental pollution pressure behind China's trade with the major trading partners is larger, but the amount of pollution in China is relatively large. The sector with the largest net pollution content in import and export of major trading partners, mainly electronic and optical equipment departments, textile and leather and its products departments, basic metal and metal products departments, and so on. The SDA decomposition of pollution content in unit added value trade found that both export and import, all the technical effects were negative, structural effect In addition, the coupling relationship between open development and green development is discussed based on the study of the effect of foreign trade environment, and the coupling basis and coupling transmission mechanism between the two are analyzed. This paper holds that open development and green development have a distinct dialectical unity and complementary relationship between the open development and the green development, which constitutes the basis of the two coupling, and the two aspects of international trade and international investment constitute the transmission mechanism of the two coupling. The coupling between the open development and the green development needs to realize the hypothesis change from "economic man" to "eco man" on the basis of theory. It needs to adjust the dialectical unity of the relationship between people and nature and realize the dialectical unity of production relations and productive forces. It needs to realize the green unification of the mode of production and the way of life. Finally, the paper summarizes the previous research. The basic views and conclusions put forward relevant policy suggestions on the reduction of the negative environmental impact of China's foreign trade on the environment and the "win-win" of trade development and environmental improvement. This article holds that the concept of green development should be strengthened in all directions and the basic national policy of opening to the outside world should be persisted for a long time and the domestic production and foreign trade should be accelerated. We should strengthen environmental regulation and use of legal and economic means. We should continue to actively participate in relevant international cooperation. At the same time, further research is prospected.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國社會科學(xué)院研究生院
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：X22;F752
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本文編號：1978550