中國石油進(jìn)口安全研究
本文選題:石油進(jìn)口 + 安全; 參考:《山東大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文
【摘要】:石油是中國的第二大消費(fèi)能源,是確保國家安全和國民經(jīng)濟(jì)平穩(wěn)發(fā)展的重要戰(zhàn)略性資源,但是中國68.53%的石油卻需要從國外進(jìn)口,中國也成為僅次于美國的第二大石油進(jìn)口國,而且石油對(duì)外依存度可能還將進(jìn)一步攀升。高石油依存度使得中國的能源安全乃至國家安全存在風(fēng)險(xiǎn),面臨威脅。一旦國際形勢(shì)不穩(wěn)定,中國石油進(jìn)口可能被中斷,對(duì)中國造成威脅。石油進(jìn)口安全是指國家以合理的價(jià)格獲得穩(wěn)定不間斷的石油供應(yīng)、能將石油安全運(yùn)送到國內(nèi)、并能預(yù)防和抵御各種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和威脅的狀態(tài)。其衡量指標(biāo)含供應(yīng)安全、運(yùn)輸安全和價(jià)格安全三個(gè)維度,三個(gè)維度下具體包括8個(gè)要素:石油進(jìn)口來源集中度、主要油源地的穩(wěn)定性、中國與主要油源地外交關(guān)系的穩(wěn)定性、石油輸運(yùn)能力、石油碼頭的接卸能力、保護(hù)海上運(yùn)輸安全的能力、保護(hù)陸上管道運(yùn)輸安全的能力和國際石油的議價(jià)權(quán)。中國石油進(jìn)口的供應(yīng)安全度較高,通過分析2011-2016年中國石油進(jìn)口來源數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn),進(jìn)口來源集中度低,進(jìn)口來源分散;通過分析2010-2015年主要油源地的石油產(chǎn)量和石油凈出口量數(shù)據(jù)變化,發(fā)現(xiàn)石油產(chǎn)量和出口量保持穩(wěn)定;主要油源地的政治狀況也較穩(wěn)定,中國與主要油源地外交關(guān)系良好。中國石油運(yùn)輸安全度較低,通過分析中國超大型油輪的數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn),海上運(yùn)輸存在的問題有超大型油輪數(shù)量少,運(yùn)力不足,海上航線途經(jīng)的霍爾木茲海峽和曼德海峽存在地緣政治風(fēng)險(xiǎn),缺乏關(guān)鍵海域的制海權(quán);陸地石油運(yùn)輸方面,中緬原油管道面臨的地緣政治環(huán)境較為惡劣,管道的維修保護(hù)能力較低。中國石油的價(jià)格安全度極低,存在的問題主要是國際石油議價(jià)權(quán)低,規(guī)避價(jià)格風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的能力低。解決中國石油進(jìn)口存在的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和問題,首先,中國應(yīng)在國家層面認(rèn)知到石油進(jìn)口安全的重要性,從國家戰(zhàn)略、制度和政策等方面提供方向指導(dǎo)和支持。其次,對(duì)三個(gè)維度的具體風(fēng)險(xiǎn),采取針對(duì)性的措施。針對(duì)供應(yīng)維度的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),主要的解決措施包括:第一,強(qiáng)化中國的石油外交力度,深化與油源國的友好合作關(guān)系;第二,尋找新的石油進(jìn)口來源,提高多元化程度;第三,增加中國的戰(zhàn)略石油儲(chǔ)備。針對(duì)運(yùn)輸維度的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),主要的解決措施包括:第一,建造新的海運(yùn)油輪,提高國油國運(yùn)比例;第二,提高中國海軍和空軍的遠(yuǎn)洋護(hù)衛(wèi)能力;第三,運(yùn)用聯(lián)合國的力量保護(hù)霍爾木茲海峽和曼德海峽等關(guān)鍵海域;第四,積極推建管道應(yīng)急維修政府間合作機(jī)制,并將管道安全納入到現(xiàn)有的區(qū)域合作框架中。針對(duì)價(jià)格維度的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),主要的措施有:第一,加快中國石油工業(yè)體制的市場化建設(shè);第二,改革中國的成品油定價(jià)機(jī)制,以市場定價(jià)為主,政府調(diào)控為輔;第三,建立石油期貨交易市場,完善相關(guān)法律法規(guī);第四,推進(jìn)人民幣的國家化。
[Abstract]:Oil is China's second largest consumer energy source and an important strategic resource to ensure national security and the smooth development of the national economy. However, 68.53 percent of China's oil needs to be imported from abroad, and China has become the second largest oil importer after the United States. And the degree of dependence on oil will probably climb further. High oil dependence makes China's energy security and even national security at risk. If the international situation is unstable, China's oil imports may be interrupted, posing a threat to China. Oil import security refers to a state in which a country can obtain a steady and uninterrupted oil supply at a reasonable price, can transport oil safely to the country, and can prevent and resist all kinds of risks and threats. The index includes three dimensions: supply security, transportation security and price security. The three dimensions include eight factors: concentration of oil import sources, stability of major oil sources, stability of diplomatic relations between China and major oil sources. The capacity of oil transportation, the ability of receiving and unloading of oil wharves, the ability of protecting the safety of maritime transportation, the ability of protecting the safety of onshore pipeline transportation and the bargaining power of international oil. The supply security of China's oil import is relatively high. By analyzing the data of China's oil import sources from 2011-2016, it is found that the concentration of import sources is low and the import sources are dispersed. By analyzing the data changes of oil production and net export volume in the major oil source areas from 2010 to 2015, it is found that the oil production and export volume remain stable, and the political situation of the major oil source regions is also stable, and China has good diplomatic relations with the major oil source regions. The safety degree of China's oil transportation is relatively low. By analyzing the data of China's super-large tankers, it is found that the problems in maritime transportation include the small number of super-large tankers and insufficient transportation capacity. There are geopolitical risks in the Strait of Hormuz and the Strait of Mande, which the sea routes pass through, and there is no right to control the sea in the key sea areas. In terms of land oil transportation, the Sino-Myanmar crude oil pipeline faces a relatively bad geopolitical environment. The maintenance and protection ability of pipeline is low. The price safety of PetroChina is very low, the main problem is that the international oil bargaining power is low, and the ability to avoid the price risk is low. First of all, China should recognize the importance of oil import security at the national level and provide direction guidance and support from the aspects of national strategy, system and policy. Secondly, the specific risk of the three dimensions, take targeted measures. In view of the risks in the supply dimension, the main solutions include: first, to strengthen China's petroleum diplomacy and deepen the friendly and cooperative relations with oil-source countries; second, to find new sources of oil imports and increase the degree of diversification; third, Increase China's strategic oil reserves. In view of the risks in the transport dimension, the main solutions include: first, the construction of new marine tankers to increase the national oil transport ratio; second, the enhancement of the Chinese navy and air force's ocean-going escort capability; and third, Using the strength of the United Nations to protect key sea areas such as the Strait of Hormuz and the Strait of Mande; fourthly, actively promoting the intergovernmental cooperation mechanism for pipeline emergency maintenance and integrating pipeline safety into the existing regional cooperation framework. In view of the risk of price dimension, the main measures are as follows: first, to accelerate the market-oriented construction of China's petroleum industry system; second, to reform the pricing mechanism of refined oil products in China; to focus on market pricing, supplemented by government regulation and control; and third, to reform the pricing mechanism of refined oil products in China. Establish oil futures trading market, improve relevant laws and regulations; fourth, promote the nationalization of RMB.
【學(xué)位授予單位】:山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】:碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】:2017
【分類號(hào)】:F426.22;F752.61
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