小額貸款消費(fèi)者權(quán)益保護(hù)研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2019-05-14 18:55
【摘要】：傳統(tǒng)的金融機(jī)構(gòu)總是將無法或難以提供擔(dān)保的貧困人群排除在貸款服務(wù)或更廣范圍的金融服務(wù)之外，從而導(dǎo)致那些想改變生活窘?jīng)r的貧窮者不得不尋求高利貸者的資金支持，并被迫忍受后者的盤剝。這類在經(jīng)濟(jì)上貧困但卻有可能通過小額資金支持便能逐漸改變其困境的特殊群體，便是后來小額貸款業(yè)務(wù)所服務(wù)的對象，而發(fā)起小額貸款以幫助窮人脫貧的穆罕默德·尤努斯，也因其在此方面的卓越貢獻(xiàn)而獲得了2006年的諾貝爾和平獎(jiǎng)。此后，小額貸款在全球，特別是亞非拉地區(qū)得到了迅猛發(fā)展。盡管期間于2010年爆發(fā)的印度小額貸款危機(jī)在一定程度上影響了小額貸款在全球的快速發(fā)展，但它并未從根本上扭轉(zhuǎn)小額貸款在全球的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展之趨勢。相反，各國通過對印度小額貸款危機(jī)的反思，正積極采取各種措施以使這種以反貧困、促發(fā)展為目的的小額貸款走上更為健康和穩(wěn)定的發(fā)展之路。 我國的小額貸款從1994年中國社科院農(nóng)村發(fā)展研究所在河北省易縣成立了第一個(gè)小額貸款機(jī)構(gòu)（“扶貧社”）開始算起，迄今已經(jīng)走過了20年的歷程。在這20年中，小額貸款原有的公益色彩因商業(yè)化大潮的影響越來越弱，而原本被作為扶貧對象而備受呵護(hù)的小額貸款消費(fèi)者，也漸漸失去了當(dāng)初的地位，且在小額貸款經(jīng)營者日益嚴(yán)重且明顯的盲目逐利的驅(qū)使下，小額貸款消費(fèi)者的諸多正當(dāng)和合法權(quán)益都遭到了嚴(yán)重侵害。由美國次貸危機(jī)引發(fā)的全球金融危機(jī)表明，對金融服務(wù)的消費(fèi)者保護(hù)不力是引發(fā)本次危機(jī)的重要原因，而金融危機(jī)對諸多行業(yè)、國家乃至全球發(fā)展的負(fù)面影響則是有目共睹的，而且此種影響在較短時(shí)間內(nèi)絕對難以消除。在小額貸款這一特殊金融服務(wù)中，倘若不以之為鑒而繼續(xù)漠視這些處于極度弱勢地位的消費(fèi)者被侵害的事實(shí)，則其對全球發(fā)展之影響或?qū)⒏鼮榫薮笄疑钸h(yuǎn)。僅從國內(nèi)角度而言，漠視或縱容對小額貸款消費(fèi)者的侵害，一則不利于法治社會下的消費(fèi)者權(quán)利之保護(hù)，二則不利于小額貸款行業(yè)的健康發(fā)展，三則不利于我國減少社會貧困、保障改善民生、促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、維護(hù)社會穩(wěn)定等諸多公益目的之實(shí)現(xiàn)。 但不論從國際或是國內(nèi)層面，從政府或是社會、民間層面而言，對新興起的、具有一定公益性的小額貸款之消費(fèi)者如何提供恰當(dāng)?shù)姆杀Ｗo(hù)都是一個(gè)全新的課題。為此，本文需要從法律角度對小額貸款及其消費(fèi)者進(jìn)行界定，并以此作為分析相關(guān)問題的邏輯起點(diǎn)。在完成此種界定后，本文針對國內(nèi)小額貸款發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀，總結(jié)了目前該行業(yè)中存在的消費(fèi)者保護(hù)問題，并對這些問題的成因進(jìn)行了剖析。分析表明，導(dǎo)致我國小額貸款消費(fèi)者諸多權(quán)益被侵害或無法獲得充分保障的原因是多層面的，但相關(guān)立法保護(hù)不足卻是其中頗為關(guān)鍵的原因之一。據(jù)此，本文首先從宏觀角度出發(fā)，在分析了現(xiàn)有法律保護(hù)模式之不足的基礎(chǔ)上，指出應(yīng)為小額貸款消費(fèi)者構(gòu)建全新的“一般法”+“特別法”的法律保護(hù)模式，，以彌補(bǔ)原有的對此類特殊消費(fèi)者僅有一般法保護(hù)的弊端。其次，為使此種保護(hù)模式得到落實(shí)并能妥善解決國內(nèi)存在的小額貸款消費(fèi)者保護(hù)問題，本文先從制度層面入手，論述了應(yīng)如何以特別法的形式保護(hù)小額貸款消費(fèi)者包括知情權(quán)、反歧視權(quán)、便捷、透明交易權(quán)、拒絕催收妨害權(quán)等在內(nèi)的特別權(quán)利。最后，本文從技術(shù)層面出發(fā)，結(jié)合之前所分析的小額貸款消費(fèi)者保護(hù)相關(guān)問題及其成因，有針對性地且較為全面和深入地探討了應(yīng)如何從立法、行政、司法、行業(yè)自律及社會力量的發(fā)揮等諸方面完善對小額貸款消費(fèi)者的保護(hù)機(jī)制。 本文在研究中綜合采用了歷史分析、經(jīng)濟(jì)分析、實(shí)證分析及比較研究等方法。這些方法的采用，使本文的論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)更具有可信性或說服力。而本文的創(chuàng)新之處在于，它首次從法律角度厘清了小額貸款及其消費(fèi)者的含義，并首次全面分析了國內(nèi)存在的小額貸款消費(fèi)者保護(hù)問題，并在此基礎(chǔ)上提出了相應(yīng)的解決建議�？偠灾�，本文是學(xué)術(shù)界對小額貸款消費(fèi)者這類特殊弱勢群體予以法律保護(hù)的首次全面關(guān)注，愿其能為將來我國貧困主體的消費(fèi)主權(quán)及接受公益服務(wù)的消費(fèi)者權(quán)益之保護(hù)拉開序幕。
[Abstract]:Traditional financial institutions are always excluded from a loan service or a broader range of financial services from poor people who are unable or difficult to provide a guarantee, leading to the need for poor people who want to change their living conditions to seek financial support from high-interest lenders and to be forced to bear the latter's disk-stripping. Such economic poverty, but it is possible to gradually change the particular group of its plight through the support of micro-finance, is the object of the latter's service, and the launching of micro-credit to help the poor get out of poverty, Muhammad Yunus, The Nobel Peace Prize in 2006 was also obtained as a result of its outstanding contribution in this respect. Since then, micro-credit has developed rapidly in the global, especially in the Asia-Africa region. Although the Indian micro-credit crisis, which broke out in 2010, has some degree of impact on the rapid development of micro-credit in the world, it does not fundamentally reverse the trend of micro-credit to further develop in the world. On the contrary, through the reflection of the micro-credit crisis in India, various measures are being taken to bring this micro-loan in the form of anti-poverty and development to a more healthy and stable path of development. Since the establishment of the first micro-loan institution in Yixian, Hebei Province, from the beginning of the first micro-loan institution in Yixian, Hebei Province, China's micro-loan has passed the 20-year experience so far In the past 20 years, the original public interest of the micro-loan has become more and more weak due to the commercial tide, and the small-loan consumer, which has been taken care of as a pro-poor object, has gradually lost its original place As a result of the growing and obvious blind by-by-profit of small-loan operators, the legitimate and legitimate rights and interests of micro-credit consumers have been seriously violated. The global financial crisis triggered by the American subprime crisis has shown that poor consumer protection for financial services is an important cause of the crisis, and the negative impact of the financial crisis on many industries, countries, and even global development is a blind eye. and this effect is absolutely difficult to eliminate in a short period of time In addition to the fact that, in the special financial services of micro-credit, it is not intended to continue to ignore the fact that these consumers in an extremely vulnerable position have been violated, their impact on global development or will be even greater and deeper Far from the domestic point of view, it is not conducive to the protection of the consumer's rights under the rule of law, and the second is not conducive to the healthy development of the micro-credit industry, and the third is not conducive to the reduction of social poverty in our country and the improvement of the people For many public welfare purposes, such as life, economic development, social stability, etc. Now, no matter from the international or national level, from the government or the society and the civil society, how to provide the proper legal protection to the newly-rising and certain public welfare micro-credit consumers is a brand-new The purpose of this paper is to define the micro-credit and its consumers from the legal point of view. Starting from the completion of such a definition, the present situation of domestic micro-credit development is summarized, and the problems of consumer protection in the current industry are summarized, and the causes of these problems are summarized. An analysis is made. The analysis shows that the causes of many rights and interests of micro-credit consumers in China are infringed or cannot be fully guaranteed are multi-level, but the protection of relevant legislation is the key. Based on the analysis of the deficiency of the existing legal protection mode, the paper points out that the new "general method" + "lex specialis" legal protection should be constructed for the micro-credit consumers based on the analysis of the deficiency of the existing legal protection mode. The protection mode is used to make up for the original protection for such special consumers only Secondly, in order to ensure the implementation of this protection mode and to properly solve the problem of the protection of micro-credit consumers in China, this paper starts with the system level, and discusses how to protect the micro-credit consumers, including the right to know and the right of anti-discrimination, in the form of lex specialis. , convenience, transparency and transaction right, and refusal to take the right of obstruction, etc. In the end, from the technical level, this paper discusses the related problems and the causes of the micro-credit consumer protection before and after the combination, and discusses how to choose from the legislation, the administration and the administrative law in a more comprehensive and in-depth manner. The protection of micro-credit consumers is improved in such aspects as the administration of justice, the self-discipline of the industry and the exertion of the social forces. In this paper, historical analysis, economic analysis, empirical analysis and comparison are adopted in this paper. The use of these methods makes the arguments and arguments more credible. The innovation of this paper is that it first clarifies the meaning of the micro-loan and its consumers from the legal point of view, and analyses the problem of the protection of the micro-credit consumers in China for the first time, and puts forward corresponding measures. In summary, this paper is the first comprehensive concern of the academic community to the legal protection of the special vulnerable groups such as the micro-credit consumers, and is willing to be able to protect the consumer's sovereignty and the consumer's rights and interests of the public welfare service in the future.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：對外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：F832.4
本文編號：2476963
[Abstract]:Traditional financial institutions are always excluded from a loan service or a broader range of financial services from poor people who are unable or difficult to provide a guarantee, leading to the need for poor people who want to change their living conditions to seek financial support from high-interest lenders and to be forced to bear the latter's disk-stripping. Such economic poverty, but it is possible to gradually change the particular group of its plight through the support of micro-finance, is the object of the latter's service, and the launching of micro-credit to help the poor get out of poverty, Muhammad Yunus, The Nobel Peace Prize in 2006 was also obtained as a result of its outstanding contribution in this respect. Since then, micro-credit has developed rapidly in the global, especially in the Asia-Africa region. Although the Indian micro-credit crisis, which broke out in 2010, has some degree of impact on the rapid development of micro-credit in the world, it does not fundamentally reverse the trend of micro-credit to further develop in the world. On the contrary, through the reflection of the micro-credit crisis in India, various measures are being taken to bring this micro-loan in the form of anti-poverty and development to a more healthy and stable path of development. Since the establishment of the first micro-loan institution in Yixian, Hebei Province, from the beginning of the first micro-loan institution in Yixian, Hebei Province, China's micro-loan has passed the 20-year experience so far In the past 20 years, the original public interest of the micro-loan has become more and more weak due to the commercial tide, and the small-loan consumer, which has been taken care of as a pro-poor object, has gradually lost its original place As a result of the growing and obvious blind by-by-profit of small-loan operators, the legitimate and legitimate rights and interests of micro-credit consumers have been seriously violated. The global financial crisis triggered by the American subprime crisis has shown that poor consumer protection for financial services is an important cause of the crisis, and the negative impact of the financial crisis on many industries, countries, and even global development is a blind eye. and this effect is absolutely difficult to eliminate in a short period of time In addition to the fact that, in the special financial services of micro-credit, it is not intended to continue to ignore the fact that these consumers in an extremely vulnerable position have been violated, their impact on global development or will be even greater and deeper Far from the domestic point of view, it is not conducive to the protection of the consumer's rights under the rule of law, and the second is not conducive to the healthy development of the micro-credit industry, and the third is not conducive to the reduction of social poverty in our country and the improvement of the people For many public welfare purposes, such as life, economic development, social stability, etc. Now, no matter from the international or national level, from the government or the society and the civil society, how to provide the proper legal protection to the newly-rising and certain public welfare micro-credit consumers is a brand-new The purpose of this paper is to define the micro-credit and its consumers from the legal point of view. Starting from the completion of such a definition, the present situation of domestic micro-credit development is summarized, and the problems of consumer protection in the current industry are summarized, and the causes of these problems are summarized. An analysis is made. The analysis shows that the causes of many rights and interests of micro-credit consumers in China are infringed or cannot be fully guaranteed are multi-level, but the protection of relevant legislation is the key. Based on the analysis of the deficiency of the existing legal protection mode, the paper points out that the new "general method" + "lex specialis" legal protection should be constructed for the micro-credit consumers based on the analysis of the deficiency of the existing legal protection mode. The protection mode is used to make up for the original protection for such special consumers only Secondly, in order to ensure the implementation of this protection mode and to properly solve the problem of the protection of micro-credit consumers in China, this paper starts with the system level, and discusses how to protect the micro-credit consumers, including the right to know and the right of anti-discrimination, in the form of lex specialis. , convenience, transparency and transaction right, and refusal to take the right of obstruction, etc. In the end, from the technical level, this paper discusses the related problems and the causes of the micro-credit consumer protection before and after the combination, and discusses how to choose from the legislation, the administration and the administrative law in a more comprehensive and in-depth manner. The protection of micro-credit consumers is improved in such aspects as the administration of justice, the self-discipline of the industry and the exertion of the social forces. In this paper, historical analysis, economic analysis, empirical analysis and comparison are adopted in this paper. The use of these methods makes the arguments and arguments more credible. The innovation of this paper is that it first clarifies the meaning of the micro-loan and its consumers from the legal point of view, and analyses the problem of the protection of the micro-credit consumers in China for the first time, and puts forward corresponding measures. In summary, this paper is the first comprehensive concern of the academic community to the legal protection of the special vulnerable groups such as the micro-credit consumers, and is willing to be able to protect the consumer's sovereignty and the consumer's rights and interests of the public welfare service in the future.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：對外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：F832.4
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