發(fā)布時間：2017-12-30 21:28

  本文關鍵詞：基于“鉆石模型”的我國新能源汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)競爭力分析　出處：《東北財經(jīng)大學》2014年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

  更多相關文章： 鉆石模型 新能源汽車 國際競爭力

【摘要】：環(huán)境問題和能源問題是全世界面臨的共同的難題。近年來,我國環(huán)境污染問題嚴重,2013年的霧霾來勢洶洶席卷了整個中國,環(huán)境保護部發(fā)布的74個重要城市的空氣質(zhì)量報告顯示,只有3個城市各項污染指標年均濃度均達到二級標準。此外,能源安全問題也困擾著我國。從2009年開始我國原油對外依存度就已超過了50%的警戒線,2013年我國石油對外依存度達到58%,未來如果爆發(fā)石油危機,就會對中國的汽車工業(yè)和汽車消費產(chǎn)生重大的不利影響,中國經(jīng)濟也將受到重大的打擊。近期,我國自主品牌汽車銷量連續(xù)下降,到2014年8月為止,我國自主品牌的傳統(tǒng)汽車的銷量已經(jīng)連續(xù)下滑了12個月。因此,站在企業(yè)的角度,為了重塑自主品牌的形象,急需一個突破口來擺脫這種困境。新能源汽車的發(fā)展不僅有利于解決我國能源與環(huán)境的問題,也能幫助自主品牌汽車走出困境。將我國新能源汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)與國外新能源汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)對比有助于我們了解自己的優(yōu)勢、彌補自己的不足。 首先,本文用鉆石模型對我國新能源汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀進行分析,可分為五個方面,分別是要素條件、需求條件、相關產(chǎn)業(yè)與支柱性產(chǎn)業(yè)、企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略結構與競爭狀況和政府政策條件。在要素條件方面,本文認為我國初級生產(chǎn)要素資源豐富,但在技術型人力、基礎設施和技術資源方面相對比較匱乏,需要進一步投入。在需求條件方面,新能源汽車在我國具有廣闊的市場前景。我國人口多,對汽車的需求量極大,近幾年我國汽車的產(chǎn)銷量保持著高速增長；從人均保有量來看,2013年我國汽車人均保有量僅為0.93臺,與世界平均人均保有水平1.4臺還有一定距離。但是目前我國私人對新能源汽車購買的積極性并不高,如何將這種潛在需求轉變?yōu)檎鎸嵉男枨笫且粋�需要解決的問題。在相關產(chǎn)業(yè)與支柱性產(chǎn)業(yè)方面,新能源汽車具有較長的產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈,產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈上游由電池、電機和電控等零部件供應商組成,產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的下游由能源供電和基建服務企業(yè)構成。電池產(chǎn)業(yè)尤其是新能源汽車的動力電池的生產(chǎn)的技術壁壘較高,市場相對集中,獲得關鍵技術需要大量研發(fā)資金的投入。我國是電機和電控的生產(chǎn)大國,但我國電機產(chǎn)品低端化狀況明顯,與國外發(fā)達國家產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量相差較遠,也不能滿足新能源汽車所需電機質(zhì)量要求。在企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略、結構與競爭狀況方面,近年來,隨著新能源汽車的推廣,國內(nèi)已經(jīng)掀起了一股新能源汽車的熱潮,越來越多的國內(nèi)車企開始生產(chǎn)新能源汽車。據(jù)調(diào)查,我國80%的汽車企業(yè)都有意向開發(fā)新能源汽車車型。我國自有品牌的汽車在感官品質(zhì)、車型和性能上都處于該產(chǎn)業(yè)產(chǎn)品中比較低端的位置,品牌形象也是以“低質(zhì)低價”為主,企業(yè)可以通過抓住發(fā)展型新能源汽車的契機改善品牌形象。政策方面,我國政府實行各種政策大力推動新能源汽車的發(fā)展,實現(xiàn)了其從無到有的跨越。 接下來,本文基于鉆石模型的五大要素將我國新能源汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)的競爭力放到全球范圍內(nèi)進行定量對比分析。在要素條件方面,本文以技術資源為代表進行綜合分析。我國在研發(fā)投入和核心技術的掌握方面都處于劣勢地位,除了個別領域外技術資源匱乏。通過數(shù)據(jù)的對比發(fā)現(xiàn),我國研發(fā)投入占銷售收入的比例比國外企業(yè)平均低2%。在需求條件方面,本文以銷售數(shù)量為例與國際其他國家進行對比,數(shù)據(jù)顯示從2011年以來我國與世界主要發(fā)達國家的新能源汽車需求量一直保持著穩(wěn)定的增長。而今年的增長更加迅速,中國新能源汽車2014年上半年銷售量已超過2013年全年銷售總量,尤其是插電式混合動力汽車的增長較快。但無論重絕對銷售量還是銷售增長量來看我國新能源汽車的需求規(guī)模都不及日、美、歐等發(fā)達國家。在相關產(chǎn)業(yè)與支柱性產(chǎn)業(yè)方面,本文選取鋰離子電池產(chǎn)業(yè)為代表與國外進行對比。生產(chǎn)數(shù)量上,日、韓、中三國占到全球99%(2011年)的市場份額,大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)的優(yōu)勢為我國發(fā)展鋰離子動力電池產(chǎn)業(yè)建設完善的產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈提供了保證。但在動力電池領域,我國的市場份額較小韓國、日本、美國的鋰離子動力電池憑借著高性能,在世界范圍內(nèi)領先。企業(yè)策略與競爭狀態(tài)方面,以典型企業(yè)為代表進行對比。國內(nèi)外新能源汽車企業(yè)的發(fā)展具有不同的特點,我國比亞迪汽車以成本領先的戰(zhàn)略和差異化的戰(zhàn)略占領市場,而國外新能源汽車企業(yè)在不同的技術基礎上尋求突破。與其他國家的政府政策相比,我國投入了更多的財政資金扶持新能源汽車產(chǎn)業(yè),并取得了良好的效果。但是從政策廣度的角度,我國政策的覆蓋面仍需加強。 最后一部分中,本文結合美國、日本在發(fā)展新能源汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)的經(jīng)驗提出政策建議。新能源汽車在美國的發(fā)展開始于1993年由克林頓政府推行的新一代汽車合作計劃。之后,經(jīng)過三屆政府的不斷推動,占有一定的領先優(yōu)勢。首先,美國具有勇于創(chuàng)新的文化。無論是在新產(chǎn)品、新技術方面,還是在商業(yè)模式方面,美國都將“創(chuàng)新”,一詞詮釋的很好。這也是決定美國汽車在國際上獲得競爭力的重要因素。美國企業(yè)在汽車的研發(fā)上投入了大量的資金,并且積極尋求商業(yè)模式的創(chuàng)新,涌現(xiàn)了許多為新能源汽車使用者服務的產(chǎn)業(yè)以及特斯拉這樣的新能源汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)的黑馬。另一方面,美國還具有成熟的消費市場支持新能源汽車快速的發(fā)展。美國收入水平高為新能源汽車的發(fā)展。日本各種自然資源匱乏,早早開始部署新能源汽車的發(fā)展。世界上首款混合動力汽車與純電動汽車都是由日本汽車企業(yè)生產(chǎn)的。日本在新能源汽車的發(fā)展方面也有兩大優(yōu)勢,分別是電池技術和聯(lián)盟的優(yōu)勢。在電池技術方面,索尼是第一個將鋰電池用于商業(yè)生產(chǎn)的公司,同時日本掌握著最尖端的電池生產(chǎn)技術。聯(lián)盟方面,日本新能源汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展與先進的電池技術的取得,離不開各相關產(chǎn)業(yè)合縱連橫的發(fā)展。日本汽車企業(yè)與國內(nèi)、國外的汽車企業(yè)或相關企業(yè)建立了大大小小眾多形式的聯(lián)盟。并且由日本新能源與產(chǎn)業(yè)技術綜合開發(fā)機構(NEDO)進行管理與推進,保證聯(lián)盟運作的高效性。最后,本文提出了提高我國新能源汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)國際競爭力的政策建議。
[Abstract]:The problems of environment and energy is a common problem facing the world. In recent years, the problem of environmental pollution is serious in China, 2013 haze swept the entire China menacing, 74 important city air quality report issued by the Ministry of environmental protection of the display, only 3 of the annual concentration of city pollution indicators have reached the two standards in addition. And energy security problems plaguing our country. From the beginning of 2009 China's dependence on foreign oil has been more than 50% of the cordon, in 2013 China's dependence on foreign oil reached 58%, the future if the outbreak of the oil crisis, will be on the Chinese automobile industry and automobile consumption have a significant adverse impact, the economy will also be China a major blow. Recently, China's independent brand car sales declined continuously until August 2014, China's own brand of traditional car sales have been falling for 12 months so, From the perspective of business, in order to reshape the image of brands, need a way to get out of this predicament. The development of new energy vehicles is not only conducive to solve China's energy and environmental problems, can also help the independent brand car out. China's new energy automotive industry and foreign new energy automobile industry compared to help we understand their own strengths, to make up for their deficiencies.
First of all, through the analysis of the current development of China's new energy automotive industry with the diamond model in this paper can be divided into five aspects, respectively is the factor conditions, demand conditions, related industries and pillar industry, enterprise strategy structure and competition situation and government policy conditions. In a factor, this paper argues that China is rich in primary the factors of production resources, but in technical manpower, infrastructure and technology resources is relatively scarce, the need for further investment. The demand condition, new energy vehicles has a broad market prospect in China. China has a large population, the great demand for cars, in recent years, China's automobile production and sales maintained the rapid growth of per capita; from the point of view, in 2013 China's car ownership per capita is only 0.93 units, with the world average per capita ownership level 1.4 units have a certain distance. But at present, the private purchase of new energy vehicles Buy the enthusiasm is not high, how to change the potential demand for the real demand is a problem to be solved. In the relevant industry and pillar industry, new energy vehicle has a long industrial chain, the upstream industry chain by the battery, motor and electric control parts suppliers, the downstream industry chain by energy power supply and infrastructure services enterprises constitute. Battery industry especially high technical barriers to the production of new energy car battery power, the market is relatively concentrated, key technology requires a lot of R & D funds. China is the largest producer of motor and electric control, but the low status of China's motor products is obvious, which is far away from the foreign products the quality of developed countries, can not meet the new energy vehicles required motor quality requirements. In the enterprise strategy, structure and competition situation in recent years, with the promotion of new energy vehicles, China By setting off a boom of new energy vehicles, more and more domestic car companies began production of new energy vehicles. According to the survey, 80% of China's automobile enterprises have the intention to develop new energy vehicles. Our own brand cars in the sensory quality, models and performance are in a relatively low position in the industry in the product, the brand image is dominated by "low quality", enterprises can seize the development of new energy vehicles. An opportunity to improve the brand image of the Chinese government to implement the policy, vigorously promote the development of new energy vehicles of various policy, realize the leap from scratch.
Next, the five factors of diamond model based on China's new energy automotive industry competitiveness in the global scope of quantitative comparative analysis. In the factor conditions, taking technology as the representative of resources were analyzed. China is in the inferior position in the R & D investment and the core technology of the hands, in addition to individual fields the lack of technical resources. Through the data comparison, China's R & D investment accounted for the proportion of sales revenue average lower than foreign enterprises 2%. in demand conditions, the number of sales as an example for other countries and international comparison, data show that since 2011 China and the main developed countries in the world of new energy automobile demand has been maintained a steady growth. And this year is growing more rapidly, China new energy vehicles in the first half of 2014 sales have exceeded the total amount of sales in the year 2013, especially the plug Hybrid electric vehicle is growing rapidly. But whether the weight of sales volume and sales growth absolute amount of new energy vehicles in China are not on the scale of demand, the United States, Europe and other developed countries. In the relevant industry and pillar industry, this paper selects the lithium-ion battery industry as the representative of the comparison with the foreign production. The number of days. South Korea, China, accounted for 99% of the global market share (2011), the advantages of mass production and provides the guarantee for China's development of lithium-ion battery industry to improve the construction of the industrial chain. But in the field of power battery, a small amount of market of our country South Korea, Japan, the United States of the lithium ion battery with high the performance, leading in the world. The enterprise strategy and competitive state, with the typical enterprises represented at home and abroad are compared. The development of new energy automobile enterprises have different characteristics, BYD cars in China cost The leading strategy and difference strategy to dominate the market, while the foreign new energy automobile enterprises to seek a breakthrough in technology on the basis of different. Compared with other countries of the government policy, China has invested more financial funds to support the new energy automotive industry, and have achieved good results. But from the point of view of China's policy of breadth. The policy coverage still needs to be strengthened.
The last part, according to the United States, Japan put forward policy suggestions on the development of new energy automotive industry experience. The development of new energy vehicles in the United States began in 1993 by the Clinton government of the partnership for a new generation of vehicles. Then, after the three session of the government continue to promote, occupy a certain advantage. First of all, the United States has innovative culture. Whether in new products, new technology, or in terms of the business model, the United States will be "innovation", the word interpretation is very good. This is an important factor in determining the U.S. auto gain international competitiveness. The enterprises invested a lot of money in the automotive research and development, innovation and actively seek business models, the emergence of a number of new energy vehicles for the user service industry and the new energy automotive industry Tesla horse. On the other hand, the United States also has a mature consumer For the market to support the development of new energy automobile fast. The high level of income for the development of new energy vehicles. All kinds of Japanese natural resources scarce, early deployment of the development of new energy vehicles. The world's first hybrid vehicles and pure electric vehicles are produced by the Japanese car companies. Japan also has two major advantages in the development of new energy vehicles, which are battery technology and the advantage of alliance. In battery technology, SONY is the first lithium battery for commercial production of the company, at the same time, Japan has the most advanced battery production technology. The alliance, made the development of new energy automotive industry in Japan and advanced battery technology, cannot do without the development of the related industries of hezonglianheng. Japan Automobile Enterprises and domestic and foreign automobile enterprises or enterprises to establish a large minority in various forms and new energy from Japan alliance. Finally, the policy recommendations for improving the competitiveness of China's new energy automotive industry are put forward, which is managed and promoted with the Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO).

【學位授予單位】：東北財經(jīng)大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：F426.471

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