【摘要】：新型城鎮(zhèn)化的核心是“人的城鎮(zhèn)化”,農(nóng)業(yè)人口在城鎮(zhèn)實(shí)現(xiàn)就業(yè)是實(shí)現(xiàn)人的城鎮(zhèn)化的一個(gè)重要任務(wù)。就業(yè)關(guān)乎人的生存發(fā)展、關(guān)乎一國(guó)國(guó)計(jì)民生,勞動(dòng)力就業(yè)問(wèn)題一直是社會(huì)各界關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)。經(jīng)典經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論表明,勞動(dòng)力作為一種生產(chǎn)要素,在市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)下可以自由流動(dòng),提高資源配置效率。就業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)即勞動(dòng)力的分配結(jié)構(gòu),是經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)的一個(gè)重要組成部分,其優(yōu)化發(fā)展與一個(gè)國(guó)家或地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展程度密切相關(guān)。就業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化是新型城鎮(zhèn)化發(fā)展的一個(gè)重要方面。近年來(lái),我國(guó)城鎮(zhèn)化發(fā)展迅速。根據(jù)《國(guó)家新型城鎮(zhèn)化報(bào)告》,2015年我國(guó)擁有城鎮(zhèn)人口77116萬(wàn)人,城鎮(zhèn)化率達(dá)到56.1%,高于世界平均水平1.2個(gè)百分比,但與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家80%的水平依然有很大差距。在城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程中,受“西部大開(kāi)發(fā)”、“中部崛起”、“東部轉(zhuǎn)型”、“振興東北老工業(yè)基地”戰(zhàn)略影響,各地區(qū)的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)與就業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)也都漸趨向合理化方向發(fā)展,但各地區(qū)就業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)差異明顯且普遍存在就業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)滯后于產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的問(wèn)題。另外,城鎮(zhèn)化發(fā)展加快了農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)移,但農(nóng)村與城鎮(zhèn)就業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)差距大,城鄉(xiāng)就業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)二元特性明顯。就業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)存在問(wèn)題在一定程度上影響我國(guó)和諧社會(huì)的構(gòu)建,也阻礙著我國(guó)新型城鎮(zhèn)化的發(fā)展。鑒于此,展開(kāi)新型城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程中就業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化問(wèn)題研究,繼而提出相關(guān)的政策和建議。首先,本文采用文獻(xiàn)分析法對(duì)文章所涉及的定義及理論基礎(chǔ)進(jìn)行闡述,其中理論基礎(chǔ)包括:馬克思就業(yè)理論、配第-克拉克定理、劉易斯二元發(fā)展模式、錢(qián)納里“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)結(jié)構(gòu)”等。同時(shí),梳理反映城鎮(zhèn)化發(fā)展、產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)及就業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系的理論。其次,通過(guò)數(shù)據(jù)搜尋整理,對(duì)中國(guó)在新型城鎮(zhèn)化推進(jìn)過(guò)程中的就業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化進(jìn)行動(dòng)態(tài)分析,利用協(xié)調(diào)性系數(shù),分析我國(guó)就業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)與產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的偏離,探索造成偏離的原因。再次,從城鄉(xiāng)二元就業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)與區(qū)域就業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)差異兩個(gè)維度來(lái)分析我國(guó)就業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)存在的問(wèn)題。一方面,對(duì)比我國(guó)城鎮(zhèn)與農(nóng)村的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)、就業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)和協(xié)調(diào)性系數(shù),了解城鄉(xiāng)就業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的二元特性;另一方面,對(duì)比我國(guó)各地區(qū)在2002-2014年新型城鎮(zhèn)化發(fā)展階段的發(fā)展成果及優(yōu)化程度,了解區(qū)域就業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)差異。最后,根據(jù)定量數(shù)據(jù)分析表明,在新型城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程中,我國(guó)城鄉(xiāng)及各地區(qū)的就業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)與產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)都不斷優(yōu)化,協(xié)調(diào)性也有所提升,體現(xiàn)出新型城鎮(zhèn)化發(fā)展對(duì)就業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化的促進(jìn)作用;但城鄉(xiāng)與區(qū)域間的就業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)與產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)還不盡完善,故從城鄉(xiāng)二元就業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)與區(qū)域就業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)差異兩個(gè)維度入手,提出政策措施,逐步消除城鄉(xiāng)就業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的二元性、縮小區(qū)域就業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的差距,加快推進(jìn)新型城鎮(zhèn)化發(fā)展進(jìn)程。
[Abstract]:The core of new urbanization is "human urbanization", and it is an important task for agricultural population to obtain employment in cities and towns. Employment is related to the survival and development of human beings and to the national economy and people's livelihood of a country. The employment of labor force has always been the focus of attention of all walks of life. The classical economic theory shows that labor force, as a factor of production, can flow freely under the market economy and improve the efficiency of resource allocation. Employment structure, which is the distribution structure of labor force, is an important part of economic structure, and its optimal development is closely related to the degree of economic development of a country or region. The optimization of employment structure is an important aspect of the development of new urbanization. In recent years, China's urbanization has developed rapidly. According to the National New urbanization report, China has a population of 771.16 million people in cities and towns in 2015, and the urbanization rate reaches 56.1 percent, which is 1.2 percent higher than the world average level, but still has a big gap with the level of 80 percent in developed countries. In the course of urbanization, under the influence of the strategy of "the development of the western region", "the rise of the central region", "the transformation of the east" and "revitalizing the old industrial base in Northeast China", the industrial structure and employment structure of various regions are also gradually moving towards the direction of rationalization. However, there are obvious differences in employment structure between different regions and the problem that employment structure lags behind industrial structure. In addition, the development of urbanization accelerates the transfer of rural labor force, but the gap between rural and urban employment structure is large, and the dual characteristics of urban and rural employment structure are obvious. The existing problems of employment structure affect the construction of harmonious society in China to some extent, and hinder the development of new urbanization in China. In view of this, the research on the optimization of employment structure in the process of new urbanization is carried out, and the relevant policies and suggestions are put forward. First of all, this paper uses the literature analysis method to explain the definition and theoretical basis of the article, including: Marx's employment theory, coupled with the Clark theorem, Lewis dual development model. Chennari, Standard structure, etc. At the same time, combing reflects the development of urbanization, industrial structure and employment structure of the relationship between the theory. Secondly, through the data search and collation, this paper makes a dynamic analysis on the optimization of the employment structure in the process of the new urbanization in China, analyzes the deviation between the employment structure and the industrial structure of our country by using the coordination coefficient, and explores the causes of the deviation. Thirdly, the problems of employment structure in China are analyzed from two dimensions: urban and rural dual employment structure and regional employment structure difference. On the one hand, comparing the industrial structure, employment structure and coordination coefficient between urban and rural areas, to understand the dual characteristics of urban and rural employment structure; on the other hand, By comparing the development results and the optimization degree of the new urbanization in different regions of China from 2002 to 2014, we can find out the difference of regional employment structure. Finally, according to quantitative data analysis, in the process of new urbanization, the employment structure and industrial structure of China's urban and rural areas are constantly optimized, and the coordination is also improved. It shows that the development of new urbanization promotes the optimization of employment structure, but the employment structure and industrial structure between urban and rural areas are not perfect, so it starts from the two dimensions of urban and rural dual employment structure and regional employment structure difference. Policy measures should be put forward to eliminate the duality of urban and rural employment structure, narrow the gap between regional employment structure and accelerate the development of new urbanization.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：F249.2

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