【摘要】：跳水作為深受大眾喜愛的競技體育運動項目,具有豐富的藝術表現(xiàn)力和極高的觀賞性。中國跳水隊被譽為“夢之隊”,自1984年洛杉磯奧運會以來,在國際賽場上取得了輝煌戰(zhàn)績,受到了國人的廣泛關注。但近年來,隨著國際跳水運動的迅猛發(fā)展和大量華人教練員的海外執(zhí)教,使得中國傳統(tǒng)訓練方法和手段逐漸推廣開來,并且國外運動員利用身體素質優(yōu)勢,使動作表現(xiàn)力水平逐漸提高,已經(jīng)對中國隊產(chǎn)生了巨大威脅。在近幾次國際大賽中,中國隊員在男子跳板項目中屢次與金牌擦肩而過,殘酷的現(xiàn)實預示著世界男子跳板跳水領域已由“一枝獨秀”變?yōu)椤鞍偌覡庿Q”的局面。面對挑戰(zhàn),中國隊必須尋求新的突破,提高動作的穩(wěn)定性和難度系數(shù),并在訓練過程中增大科技含量。在全部跳水項目中,跳板跳水技術復雜、動作成功率低、較難掌握,訓練周期長、難度大,比賽易受各種環(huán)境因素影響。與跳臺跳水的硬地起跳動作不同,跳板跳水需要借助富有彈性的金屬板完成起跳,而跳板因形變產(chǎn)生的彈性勢能將成為運動員起跳的唯一外動力源。因此想要提高整體動作的完成質量,運動員在走板和起跳時,要盡量與跳板的彈性形變和固有振動頻率相適應,充分利用其彈性勢能,最大限度地幫助自身增加完成動作的時間和空間。否則,即使是非常優(yōu)秀的運動員在比賽和訓練實踐中也有可能會出現(xiàn)“退板”、“打板”、“踩死板”等技術失誤。這就告訴我們,在當前男子跳板“難、新、奇”的動作發(fā)展模式下,走板和起跳技術的完成質量已成為整個動作成功與否的前提和保證,而如何利用自身因素使跳板產(chǎn)生較大的彈性勢能并加以有效利用,是起跳技術的關鍵和核心。所以,從生物力學的角度出發(fā),對當前男子跳板跳水所展現(xiàn)的新動作的走板起跳技術進行分析、總結和深入研究,是十分必要的。本研究基于人體運動學和材料動力學理論,以中國跳水隊現(xiàn)役5名優(yōu)秀男子跳板跳水運動員為實驗對象,采用兩臺高速攝像機,對運動員參加隊內測試賽和2014年國際泳聯(lián)跳水世界杯比賽中的1組動作的走板起跳環(huán)節(jié)進行拍攝,拍攝頻率為100幀/秒。使用SIMI Motion和Dartfish運動解析系統(tǒng),選用Hanavan人體模型,對運動員動作進行解析。獲得了5名運動員在完成同一動作走板起跳階段的身體各環(huán)節(jié)運動學參數(shù),找出5人動作的差異點所在,并從動力學角度推導出了跳板所受最大沖擊力的公式并計算了相應的數(shù)值,以期找出新競技環(huán)境下跳板跳水走板起跳技術的發(fā)展規(guī)律,促進我國跳板跳水技術的不斷創(chuàng)新,使跳水訓練更加規(guī)范、科學和高效。研究結果表明:走板階段,運動員步速在前3步逐漸增大,第4步水平速度驟然增加,第5步又突然減小;當前優(yōu)秀運動員的走板距離較前人有較大幅度的增加,而跨跳步距離則減小;跳板跳水運動員走板的加速主要集中在有騰空的第4步,加速方式為此項運動特有的雙支撐加速。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),當前我國優(yōu)秀男子跳板跳水運動員的前跨步技術共分為兩種形式:一種是以何沖為代表的長步型前跨步技術,此技術前跨步步長大、重心低、壓板力度強,側重于運動員水平速度的獲取和能量的轉化;另一種是以何超、李世鑫等為代表的短步型前跨步技術,這一技術走板節(jié)奏感強、重心較高、重心垂直速度大,強調前跨步身體重心垂直速度的增大�？缣骄彌_階段,下肢肌群應采用“先放松,再收縮”的做功形式;蹬伸階段要盡量使升臂和提腿角速度提高,上下肢大幅伸展、且蹬擺協(xié)調。起跳緩沖階段人體對跳板的沖擊力數(shù)值大,并且大于運動員自身體重的兩倍;起跳緩沖階段,曹緣身體緩沖幅度較小,不利于隨后的蹬伸動作。起跳蹬伸階段,何超、何沖和李世鑫的技術為“一次蹬伸”,此技術一方面使整個身體“剛度”增強,減小了能量損失,另一方面還增強了下肢各肌群協(xié)同作用,增大了蹬伸效果。曹緣、孫知亦則為“二次蹬伸”。這一技術使身體有脫節(jié)現(xiàn)象,“剛化”程度降低,不利于能量的傳遞,并且軀干后仰,髖關節(jié)屈伸受到限制,導致股四頭肌在蹬伸時對膝關節(jié)發(fā)生主動不足現(xiàn)象,降低了蹬伸效果。
[Abstract]:Diving, as a popular competitive sport, has rich artistic expression and high ornamental value. The Chinese diving team is known as the "Dream Team". Since the Los Angeles Olympic Games in 1984, it has made brilliant achievements in the international arena and attracted wide attention of the Chinese people. But in recent years, with the rapid development of international diving. With the rapid development of overseas coaching, the traditional Chinese training methods and means have been gradually popularized, and foreign athletes have taken advantage of their physical fitness to gradually improve their performance, which has posed a great threat to the Chinese team. Facing the challenge, the Chinese team must seek new breakthroughs, improve the stability and difficulty of the movements, and increase the scientific and technological content in the training process. Unlike the hard take-off of platform diving, springboard diving needs to take-off with the help of flexible metal plates, and the elastic potential energy produced by the deformation of the springboard will become the only external power source for the athletes to take-off. Therefore, in order to improve the quality of the whole movement, the athletes should try their best to adapt to the elastic deformation and natural vibration frequency of the springboard, make full use of its elastic potential energy, and help themselves to maximize the time and space to complete the movement. Otherwise, even the very good athletes in the competition and training practice. This tells us that under the current "difficult, new, strange" action development mode of men's springboard, the completion quality of walking board and take-off technique has become the precondition and guarantee of the success of the whole movement, and how to use its own factors to make the springboard produce larger. The key and core of takeoff technique is to utilize the elastic potential energy effectively. Therefore, from the point of view of biomechanics, it is very necessary to analyze, summarize and study the takeoff technique of the new movements in the current men's springboard diving. Five elite male springboard divers of the water team were selected as subjects. Two high-speed cameras were used to photograph the board take-off of one group of actions in the team test and the FINA World Cup in 2014. The shooting frequency was 100 frames per second. The SIMI Motion and Dartfish motion analysis system were used to select H. Anvan's body model is used to analyze the movements of the athletes. The kinematics parameters of the body links of five athletes in the takeoff phase of the same movement are obtained. The differences of the movements of the five athletes are found out. The formula of the maximum impact force on the springboard is derived from the point of dynamics and the corresponding values are calculated in order to find out the new competition. The results show that the speed of the first three steps increases gradually, the horizontal speed of the fourth step increases abruptly, and the fifth step decreases abruptly. The distance between the board and the jump is much larger than that of the predecessors, but the distance between the stride and the jump is much smaller. The acceleration of the walking is mainly concentrated in the fourth step of the jump. The acceleration mode is the double support acceleration peculiar to this sport. He Chong is the representative of the long-step forward stride technology, this technology before the step is long, low center of gravity, pressure plate strength, focusing on the athletes'horizontal speed and energy conversion; the other is He Chao, Li Shixin and other short-step forward stride technology, which is characterized by a strong sense of rhythm, high center of gravity, center of gravity vertical speed. In the step buffer stage, the lower limb muscles should take the form of "relax first, then contract"; in the step extension stage, the angular velocity of the lifting arm and leg should be increased as far as possible, the upper and lower limbs should be extended greatly, and the pedal and swing should be coordinated. The technique of He Chao, He Chong and Li Shixin in the take-off and stretch stage is "one step stretch". On the one hand, this technique enhances the whole body stiffness and reduces the energy loss, on the other hand, it enhances the lower limb muscles. Cao Margin and Sun Zhi also had "two-step stretching". This technique made the body disjointed, reduced the degree of stiffness, and was not conducive to energy transmission, and trunk back, hip flexion and extension were restricted, resulting in the quadriceps femoris in the stretching of the knee active deficiency phenomenon, reducing the stretching effect. Fruit.
【學位授予單位】：河北師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：G861.2

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