【摘要】：在我國青少年身體素質(zhì)下滑、肥胖率攀升和身體活動不足以及運動猝死事故頻發(fā)的背景下,本研究以心肺功能評價的"金標準"——最大攝氧量(Maximal Oxygen Uptake,VO2max)為主題,通過人體心臟、肺功能和素質(zhì)指標的測試與比較分析,從而了解大學(xué)生心肺功能現(xiàn)狀,并進行運動干預(yù)和運動適應(yīng)機制研究,旨在為青少年的體質(zhì)評估和健康促進提供有價值的理論與實踐的指導(dǎo)和新思路。目的:探究VO2max與身體成分、心輸出量、肺功能以及力量柔韌素質(zhì)的關(guān)聯(lián);了解不同VO2max水平受試者的器官功能和素質(zhì)的差異;探討抗阻和有氧不同訓(xùn)練方式對VO2max及其相關(guān)指標的影響;揭示運動適應(yīng)產(chǎn)生的相關(guān)生理機制。方法:1)相關(guān)性實驗:招募非體育專業(yè)身體健康的大學(xué)生358名(男性:151 人,23.11 歲 ±2.88,172.08cm±6.3,70.41kg±11.96;女性:207 人,22.21歲 ±2.47,159.69cm±5.43,56.83kg±7.3),進行身體成分(生物電阻抗)、VO2max(遙測心肺功能測試儀)、心臟功能(無創(chuàng)心輸出量監(jiān)測)、肺功能(呼吸振動反應(yīng)成像)和力量素質(zhì)(等動肌力測試)的測試。應(yīng)用Spss22.0軟件對測試的VO2max與各指標數(shù)據(jù)進行Person相關(guān)分析。2)比較分析實驗:實驗對象和測試數(shù)據(jù)同上,以VO2max正常值為界(男性:45.7 ml/kg/min;女性:39.5 ml/kg/min,根據(jù) ACSM 和 Cooper Institute),大于該值的簡稱"正常組",低于該值的為"偏低組"(下同),并進行獨立樣本T檢驗比較兩組間的身體成分、心輸出量、肺呼吸功能和力量素質(zhì)等指標的差異。3)運動干預(yù)實驗:實驗對象為上述自愿參加運動訓(xùn)練的受試者275人(男性:134人,女性141人),并按性別再分為抗阻組、有氧組和對照組。其中,男性:抗阻58人,有氧53人,對照23人;女性:抗阻54人,有氧56人,對照31人。指標測試方法同上,包括實驗前(同上)和實驗后(運動后),并進行實驗前后數(shù)據(jù)的重復(fù)測量。訓(xùn)練方案:①周期時間:12周,4次/周,90min/次。②強度:抗阻訓(xùn)練,2-3個部位,2-3個動作/部位,3-4組/動作,65%-80%1RM(8-15次),60S、40S/大、小肌肉群間歇(以力竭監(jiān)測);有氧訓(xùn)練,10-12拍、5-6次呼吸/10",組合間歇1-2min,55%-85%VO2max為主(以觸摸橈動脈監(jiān)測)。③內(nèi)容:抗阻訓(xùn)練以胸、背、腿等大肌肉群為主,綜合腰腹及核心訓(xùn)練;有氧訓(xùn)練,女生以鄭多燕健身操、健美操為主要形式創(chuàng)編,男生以搏擊操和球類為主。4)不同VO2max水平對運動干預(yù)的影響:實驗對象和數(shù)據(jù)同"3)",將"3)"抗阻和有氧組受試者以VO2max等級劃分為正常組和偏低組(同"2)"),即分為男性/女性抗阻正常組、抗阻偏低組、有氧正常組和有氧偏低組,再進行實驗前后數(shù)據(jù)的重復(fù)測量,并做不同等級的不同方式運動干預(yù)的相應(yīng)比較。5)運動適應(yīng)的動物模型實驗:實驗動物及分組:2月齡(8周,性成熟)雄性C57BL/6小鼠40只,隨機分為安靜對照組(C)、耐力運動組(E)、抗阻(爬梯)運動組(R),每組各10只。統(tǒng)計方法:主要進行三組間各數(shù)據(jù)的獨立樣本T檢驗。訓(xùn)練方案:①周期時間:8周,4次/周,30min/次,晚上18:00后進行。②強度:抗阻訓(xùn)練,3Sets/day,3～4 Reps/Set,間隔20 s/Rep,間隔2 min/Set,負重從50%(1-2周)逐漸加到100%(第5周開始);有氧訓(xùn)練,0.7-0.8km/h(第 1 周),0.8-0.9(2-4 周),0.9-1.0(5-8 周)。③內(nèi)容:抗阻主要以負重爬梯為訓(xùn)練,有氧主要為跑臺改裝成的動物跑臺進行無負重跑臺訓(xùn)練、。組織樣本檢測:A)心肌、骨骼肌(腓腸肌)和附睪體重指數(shù)統(tǒng)計。B)有氧代謝關(guān)鍵酶活性檢測:玻珀酸脫氫酶、檸檬酸合酶和乳酸脫氫酶(Elisa)。C)骨骼肌和心肌蛋白 IGF-1、PI3K、AKT、mTOR、S6K、4E-BP1、TSC1/2、MHC 和 VEGF mRNA相對表達量檢測(RT-PCR)。D)骨骼肌和心肌蛋白p-S6、S6、p-4E-BP1和AKT含量檢測(Webstern Blotting)。E)骨骼肌和心肌形態(tài)學(xué)檢測:HE染色,免疫組化(細胞色素C氧化酶和血小板-內(nèi)皮細胞貼附因子CD31)。結(jié)果:1)相關(guān)性結(jié)果:大學(xué)生(男性和女性)的VO2max(ml/kg/min)水平,①與其體重、BMI以及脂肪%、去脂肪重、肥胖率等顯著性負相關(guān)。②與安靜狀態(tài)下心臟泵血功能、最大每搏量顯著性正相關(guān);與安靜心率負相關(guān);與最大心率關(guān)聯(lián)不大。③與肺活量和肺的最大通氣水平顯著性正相關(guān);與呼吸商顯著性負相關(guān);與呼吸肌收縮力量關(guān)聯(lián)較小。④與力量和柔韌素質(zhì)顯著性正相關(guān),其中,女性僅在背部力量有顯著性正相關(guān)。2)比較分析結(jié)果:與大學(xué)生正常組相比,V02max偏低組的①體重、BMI和脂肪%等顯著偏高,其中,男性受肥胖影響的程度更大。②最大每搏量和最大肺通氣能力較低;男性的安靜心臟泵血功能較差,女性兩組間差距較小。③男性肺活量和肺呼吸強度較低,低于呼吸強度正常值的受試者百分比和Up音出現(xiàn)百分比較高;女性僅肺活量較低。④背部、腹部和腿部力量以及柔韌素質(zhì)均較差,且男性之間差距更大。3)運動干預(yù)結(jié)果:12周的抗阻和有氧訓(xùn)練后,大學(xué)生的①脂肪%、肥胖率和腰臀比均顯著性下降。②最大攝氧量、最大通氣量和最大每搏量顯著性提高,有氧訓(xùn)練的提升幅度更大;最大心率和呼吸商變化較小。③安靜心臟泵血功能顯著提高;呼吸強度和肺活量顯著提高,且呼吸強度偏低和出現(xiàn)Up音百分比下降。④背部、腹部、腿部、握力和柔韌性顯著提高,抗阻訓(xùn)練提升幅度更大。4)不同VO2max水平對運動干預(yù)影響的結(jié)果:經(jīng)過12周的抗阻和有氧訓(xùn)練,與正常組相比,V02max偏低組大學(xué)生的①脂肪%、BMI下降幅度更大,抗阻對女大學(xué)生的減脂效果更好(包括正常組)。②最大心肺功能提高更大,有氧訓(xùn)練提高幅度更大;安靜心臟泵血功能提高更大,有氧訓(xùn)練對男大學(xué)生改善更好,抗阻對女大學(xué)生更好。③呼吸肌力量和肺活量水平提升較小。④力量和柔韌素質(zhì)提高更大,抗阻訓(xùn)練提升略好。5)動物運動干預(yù)實驗結(jié)果:八周的抗阻和有氧訓(xùn)練后,①小鼠的體重增長顯著,且有氧組增長幅度更大;抗阻對骨骼肌肥大顯著,有氧對心肌肥大顯著。②玻珀酸脫氫酶、檸檬酸合酶和乳酸脫氫酶的活性均顯著提高。③抗阻組的骨骼肌和心肌的IGF-l/PI3K/Akt/mT0R蛋白翻譯合成信號通路明顯上調(diào),有氧訓(xùn)練的這一趨勢不明顯或受到抑制。④骨骼肌和心肌線粒體的數(shù)量和血管新生水平顯著性增加。結(jié)論:1)從參與本研究的大學(xué)生受試者看,大學(xué)生(男性和女性)體質(zhì)現(xiàn)狀不容樂觀,其中,VO2max低于正常水平的接近60%,優(yōu)良水平的不超過15%。2)脂肪%和BMI是最大攝氧量(ml/kg/min)重要影響因素,從心肺功能評價角度應(yīng)該加以界定;從健康角度,其會給人體有氧工作能力帶來負面影響。3)最大攝氧量不僅與心臟泵血和肺呼吸功能直接相關(guān),而且與肌肉力量和柔韌素質(zhì)存在關(guān)聯(lián);同時,有氧水平較低的大學(xué)生在心臟和肺功能以及力量素質(zhì)上明顯較差,這在一定程度上說明最大攝氧量不僅受心臟和肺等主要器官功能影響,而且與肌肉質(zhì)量緊密關(guān)聯(lián)。4)65-85%lRM(8-15次)的抗阻訓(xùn)練和(55-85%VO2max)中高強度的有氧訓(xùn)練均能優(yōu)化大學(xué)生的身體成分,提高最大攝氧量水平以及心臟和肺功能,提高肌肉力量和柔韌素質(zhì)。相比之下,抗阻訓(xùn)練對力量素質(zhì)提高更明顯,有氧訓(xùn)練對心臟和肺功能提升更明顯。5)本研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),相比有氧水平正常組,較低組的大學(xué)生通過抗阻和有氧訓(xùn)練,其VO2max、心臟和肺功能以及力量素質(zhì)均有更大水平的提高,這對青少年體質(zhì)健康促進和全民健身運動具有重要的指導(dǎo)意義。6)8周的抗阻和有氧訓(xùn)練使小鼠產(chǎn)生的骨骼肌和心肌的肥大、線粒體增多等形態(tài)學(xué)上的有利變化,為人體研究中的心臟、肺功能和V02max的提高提供了最直接的證據(jù)。同時,有氧代謝關(guān)鍵酶活性提高和血管新生增加又進一步揭示了運動訓(xùn)練對氧氣利用提高的內(nèi)在生理適應(yīng)。而蛋白合成信號通路的表達趨勢則又從機制上揭示了抗阻和有氧兩種不同訓(xùn)練方式在某一階段產(chǎn)生的不同運動適應(yīng)。
[Abstract]:In the background of the decline of the physical quality of young people, the rising of obesity rate, the lack of physical activity and the frequent occurrence of sudden sports death, this study focuses on the Maximal Oxygen Uptake (VO2max), the "gold standard" of the evaluation of cardiopulmonary function, and through the test and comparison of the indexes of human heart, lung function and quality. In order to provide valuable theoretical and practical guidance and new ideas for physical fitness assessment and health promotion of young people, the purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between VO2max and body composition, cardiac output, lung function and strength flexibility, and to understand the level of different VO2max levels. The difference between the organ function and the quality of the subjects; the influence of the different ways of resistance and aerobic training on VO2max and its related indexes and the related physiological mechanism of the adaptation to exercise. Methods: 1) the correlation experiment: 358 students (151 men, 23.11 years old, 23.11 years + 6.3,70.41kg + 11) were recruited. .96; women: 207 people, 22.21 years old + 2.47159.69cm + 5.43,56.83kg + 7.3), body composition (bioelectrical impedance), VO2max (telemetry cardiopulmonary function test instrument), cardiac function (non invasive cardiac output monitoring), lung function (respiratory vibration response imaging) and strength quality test (isokinetic muscle test). VO2max and each test were applied to the test with Spss22.0 software Person correlation analysis.2) comparison and analysis experiment: the experiment object and the test data are the same, with the VO2max normal value as the boundary (male: 45.7 ml/kg/min; female: 39.5 ml/kg/min, according to ACSM and Cooper Institute), more than the value of abbreviated "normal group", lower than the value of the "low group" (the same), and carry out independent sample T test ratio Two groups of body components, cardiac output, pulmonary respiratory function and strength quality were different.3) exercise intervention experiment: the subjects were 275 subjects (male: 134, 141 women) who volunteered for exercise training, and were divided into resistance groups by sex, oxygen group and control group. Among them, 58 men and 53 oxygen were male. 23 people, women: resistance to resistance 54, oxygen 56, 31 people. The index test method is same, including before experiment (same up) and after experiment (after exercise), and carry out repeated measurements before and after the experiment. Training program: (1) cycle time: 12 weeks, 4 times / week, 90min/ times. Strength: resistance training, 2-3 parts, 2-3 action / parts, 3-4 groups / action, 65%-80%1 RM (8-15), 60S, 40S/ big, small muscle group intermittent (with exhaustion monitoring); aerobic training, 10-12 beat, 5-6 breaths /10 ", combined intermittent 1-2min, 55%-85%VO2max mainly (to touch the radial artery monitoring). 3. Resistance training to chest, back, leg and other large muscle groups as the main, comprehensive waist and core training; aerobic training, Zheng Duoyan aerobics, bodybuilding girls aerobics, bodybuilding, body building Exercise for the main form of creation, boys with fight exercise and ball based.4) the effect of different VO2max levels on exercise intervention: the experiment object and the data are the same as "3", "the" 3 "resistance and the aerobic group were divided into the normal group and the low group (the same" 2 "), which were divided into the male / female resistance normal group, the resistance lower group, the normal oxygen group and the other group. In the low oxygen group, repeated measurements of the data before and after the experiment were carried out, and the corresponding comparison.5 in different levels of exercise intervention was made in the animal model experiment. The experimental animals and groups were divided into 2 month old (8 weeks, sexually mature) male C57BL/6 mice, randomly divided into the quiet control group (C), the endurance exercise group (E), the resistance (R) exercise group (R) 10 in each group. Statistical method: an independent sample T test of each data between three groups. Training program: cycle time: 8 weeks, 4 times per week, 30min/ times, 18:00 p. m., intensity: resistance training, 3Sets/day, 3~4 Reps/Set, interval 20 s/Rep, interval 2 min/ Set, weight from 50% (1-2 weeks) gradually to 100% (fifth weeks); aerobic training 0.7-0.8km/h (first weeks), 0.8-0.9 (2-4 weeks), 0.9-1.0 (5-8 weeks). Content: resistance mainly to a heavy climbing ladder for training, oxygen mainly for the animal running platform for the platform training without heavy load, tissue samples detection: A) myocardium, skeletal muscle (gastrocnemius muscle) and epididymal body mass index (.B) test of oxygen metabolism key enzyme activity: glass perber IGF-1, PI3K, AKT, mTOR, S6K, 4E-BP1, TSC1/2, MHC and VEGF mRNA, IGF-1, PI3K, AKT, mTOR, S6K, 4E-BP1, TSC1/2, MHC and VEGF mRNA Histochemical (cytochrome C oxidase and platelet endothelial cell attachment factor CD31). Results: 1) correlation results: the level of VO2max (ml/kg/min) of college students (male and female), (1) significant negative correlation with weight, BMI and fat%, fat weight, obesity rate, and so on. Negative correlation with the quiet heart rate; little correlation with the maximum heart rate. 3. Positive correlation with lung capacity and lung maximum ventilation level; significant negative correlation with respiratory quotient; less associated with respiratory muscle contraction strength. (4) positive correlation with strength and flexibility quality, among which women only have significant positive correlation.2 in back strength. Results: compared with the normal group, the weight, BMI and fat% of the low V02max group were significantly higher. Among them, the male was more affected by obesity. (2) the maximum per stroke volume and the maximum lung ventilation ability were lower; the male quiet heart pump blood function was poor, the two groups of women were smaller. (3) the male lung capacity and the lung respiration intensity were lower and lower. The percentage of subjects with normal breathing intensity was higher than that of Up sound; women only had lower lung capacity. (4) the back, abdominal and leg strength and flexibility were poor, and the male gap was greater.3) exercise intervention: after 12 weeks of resistance and aerobic training, the percentage of fat%, obesity rate and waist hip ratio of college students were significant. The maximum oxygen uptake, maximum ventilation and maximum per stroke increased significantly, the increase in aerobic training was greater, the maximum heart rate and respiratory quotient were smaller. (3) the function of the quiet heart pump was significantly improved; the respiratory intensity and vital capacity were significantly increased, and the respiratory intensity was lower and the percentage of Up sounds decreased. (4) back, abdomen, leg, The results of the effect of different VO2max levels on exercise intervention: after 12 weeks of resistance and aerobic training, the results showed that after 12 weeks of resistance and aerobic training, compared with the normal group, the fat percent of the students in the lower V02max group and the BMI decreased significantly, and the effect of resistance to the female college students was better (including the normal group). Cardiopulmonary function increased more, aerobic training increased more; the blood function of quiet heart pump was improved more, aerobic training was better for male students, resistance to female college students was better. (3) the improvement of respiratory muscle strength and vital capacity was smaller. (4) strength and flexibility improved more, resistance training improved slightly better.5) animal exercise intervention experiment Results: after eight weeks of resistance and aerobic training, the body weight of mice increased significantly, and the oxygen group increased significantly, the resistance to skeletal muscle hypertrophy was significant, and oxygen was significant to hypertrophy of the myocardium. (2) the activity of the hyperoxic acid dehydrogenase, citric acid synthase and lactate dehydrogenase were significantly improved. (3) the IGF-l/PI3K/Akt/mT0R of the skeletal muscle and the myocardium in the resistance group The trend of protein translation synthesis signal pathway was obviously up-regulated, and the trend of aerobic training was not obvious or suppressed. (4) the number of skeletal muscle and myocardial mitochondria and the level of angiogenesis increased significantly. Conclusion: 1) from the participants who participated in this study, the physical status of college students (male and female) was not optimistic, among them, VO2max was lower than normal. The level of close to 60%, the good level not more than 15%.2) fat% and BMI are the most important factors affecting the maximum oxygen uptake (ml/kg/min), which should be defined from the perspective of cardiopulmonary function evaluation; from the health point of view, it will have a negative impact on the body's aerobic work ability,.3) the maximum oxygen uptake is not only directly related to the cardiac pump blood and lung respiratory function, but also the maximum oxygen uptake. It is associated with muscle strength and flexibility; at the same time, college students with lower oxygen levels are significantly worse in heart and lung function and strength quality, to a certain extent that the maximum oxygen uptake is not only influenced by the main organ functions such as the heart and lungs, but also closely associated with the muscle mass of.4) 65-85%lRM (8-15) resistance training and ( 55-85%VO2max) high intensity aerobic training can optimize the body composition of college students, increase the maximum oxygen uptake and heart and lung function, improve muscle strength and flexibility. In contrast, resistance training is more obvious to strength quality, and aerobic training is more obvious to heart and lung function improvement.5) compared with the results of this study, the findings have been found to be compared with the results of this study. The students in the lower group have a higher level of VO2max, heart and lung function and strength quality, which have important guiding significance for young people's physical and physical fitness and physical fitness through anti resistance and aerobic training. The 8 weeks of resistance and aerobic training have made the skeletal muscle and myocardium produced by the mice produced by the resistance and aerobic training. The most direct evidence for the improvement of the heart, lung function and V02max in human studies. At the same time, the increase in the activity of key enzymes in aerobic metabolism and the increase of angiogenesis further reveal the intrinsic physiological adaptation of exercise training to oxygen utilization, and the signaling pathway of protein synthesis. The trend of expression also reveals the different adaption of resistance and Aerobics from two different training modes at a certain stage.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：G804.2

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