本文關(guān)鍵詞： 網(wǎng)球 關(guān)閉式 開放式 雙手反拍 生物力學(xué)　出處：《成都體育學(xué)院》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：在網(wǎng)球比賽中,世界頂尖選手使用雙手反拍技術(shù)非常普遍,截止當(dāng)今,在ATP和WTA當(dāng)中,排名前二十的男選手使用雙手反拍技術(shù)的達(dá)到80%,排名前二十的女子選手全部使用雙手反拍技術(shù)。但是這項(xiàng)技術(shù)動(dòng)作在面臨不同來球的情況下,站位姿勢各有差異。一些學(xué)者將擊球站位姿勢主要分為兩大類:關(guān)閉式與開放式站位,這項(xiàng)技術(shù)動(dòng)作需要運(yùn)動(dòng)員在比賽場上靈活運(yùn)用,在職業(yè)選手中,幾種擊球站位姿勢都被各位選手在比賽中運(yùn)用的淋漓盡致,例如德約科維奇的關(guān)閉式反拍,莎拉波娃的半開放式反拍,小威廉姆斯的開放式反拍均在比賽較為常見。本文通過運(yùn)用三維攝像與三維測力臺(tái)同步測試,獲取成都體育學(xué)院12名男網(wǎng)球二級(jí)運(yùn)動(dòng)員(開放式,關(guān)閉式)雙手反拍動(dòng)作的運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)與動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù),分析兩種動(dòng)作在運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)和動(dòng)力學(xué)方面的差異,旨在探究兩種雙手反拍動(dòng)作的特點(diǎn)及規(guī)律。通過兩種動(dòng)作的對(duì)比發(fā)現(xiàn),得出以下結(jié)論:運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)結(jié)論:在拉拍階段,(1)運(yùn)動(dòng)員關(guān)閉式反拍在此階段用時(shí)較長,且數(shù)據(jù)呈現(xiàn)非常顯著性差異。(2)從肩角來看,運(yùn)動(dòng)員兩種反拍動(dòng)作的肘關(guān)節(jié)上抬姿勢明顯,在拉拍結(jié)束時(shí)刻,運(yùn)動(dòng)員開放式反拍左肘關(guān)節(jié)更貼近軀干。從肘角來看,在拉拍結(jié)束時(shí)刻,運(yùn)動(dòng)員兩種反拍動(dòng)作左肘角均小于右肘角,左肘角均達(dá)到了最大值。(3)在拉拍結(jié)束時(shí)刻,運(yùn)動(dòng)員兩種反拍動(dòng)作的左肩肘腕關(guān)節(jié)速度均大于右側(cè),且肩肘腕至拍頭的速度都呈現(xiàn)遞增的趨勢,可見運(yùn)動(dòng)員左手臂帶動(dòng)右手臂進(jìn)行向后拉拍。(4)在拉拍結(jié)束時(shí)刻,運(yùn)動(dòng)員兩種反拍動(dòng)作的左膝角度均小于右膝,重心都在左腿上,下肢關(guān)節(jié)速度呈現(xiàn)“髖膝踝”。在轉(zhuǎn)髖轉(zhuǎn)肩擊球階段,(1))運(yùn)動(dòng)員開放式反拍在此階段用時(shí)較長,但數(shù)據(jù)無顯著性差異。通過拉拍結(jié)束時(shí)刻與拍面與球接觸時(shí)刻的對(duì)比發(fā)現(xiàn),運(yùn)動(dòng)員關(guān)閉式反拍重心較高。(2)在拍面與球接觸時(shí)刻,運(yùn)動(dòng)員開放式反拍擊球點(diǎn)離身體較近。(3)運(yùn)動(dòng)員關(guān)閉式反拍與開放式反拍在擊球后腕關(guān)節(jié)不是固定不動(dòng)的,而是左腕屈,右腕伸并跟隨小臂內(nèi)旋,從而給球施加更多旋轉(zhuǎn)。(4)在拍面與球接觸時(shí)刻之前,運(yùn)動(dòng)員兩種動(dòng)作肩肘腕各關(guān)節(jié)的速度達(dá)到了最大值,并符合鞭打動(dòng)作原理。(5)在此階段運(yùn)動(dòng)員關(guān)閉式反拍肩髖扭轉(zhuǎn)幅度小于開放式反拍,可見運(yùn)動(dòng)員開放式反拍更多的利用了軀干的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。在隨揮階段,運(yùn)動(dòng)員開放式反拍在此階段用時(shí)較長,但數(shù)據(jù)無顯著性差異。運(yùn)動(dòng)員兩種反拍動(dòng)作左肩角呈現(xiàn)增大的趨勢,而左肘角是呈現(xiàn)減小的趨勢,有明顯的送拍動(dòng)作。動(dòng)力學(xué)結(jié)論:(1)在左腳著地時(shí)刻,通過F(X)力值對(duì)比發(fā)現(xiàn),開放式反拍此時(shí)刻向后方向上的力較大,增加了踝關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)翻可能性。通過F(Y)對(duì)比發(fā)現(xiàn),開放式反拍運(yùn)動(dòng)員左腳制動(dòng)比較積極。通過F(Z)對(duì)比發(fā)現(xiàn)開放式反拍運(yùn)動(dòng)員左腳在垂直方向上承受的壓力更大。(2)在拉拍結(jié)束時(shí)刻,通過F(X)的對(duì)比發(fā)現(xiàn):關(guān)閉式反拍運(yùn)動(dòng)員在前后方向上的力值比開放式反拍小,數(shù)據(jù)呈現(xiàn)顯著性差異,可見開放式反拍運(yùn)動(dòng)員此刻左腳前后的穩(wěn)定性較差。通過F(Y)的對(duì)比發(fā)現(xiàn):開放式反拍運(yùn)動(dòng)員左腳左右方向上分力與關(guān)閉式反拍數(shù)據(jù)之間呈現(xiàn)非常顯著性差異,此時(shí)刻關(guān)閉式反拍運(yùn)動(dòng)員左腳后腳跟是離地的,身體略微前傾,故向左的力值較大。通過F(Z)的對(duì)比發(fā)現(xiàn),運(yùn)動(dòng)員關(guān)閉式反拍垂直方向上的力值明顯小于開放式反拍,數(shù)據(jù)呈現(xiàn)非常顯著性差異,運(yùn)動(dòng)員開放式反拍足部損傷的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高。(3)在拍面與球接觸時(shí)刻,通過F(X)的對(duì)比發(fā)現(xiàn),運(yùn)動(dòng)員開放式反拍前后方向的力值較大,前后穩(wěn)定性較差。通過F(Y)的對(duì)比發(fā)現(xiàn),運(yùn)動(dòng)員開放式反拍左右方向的力值較大,這為后續(xù)的重心徹底轉(zhuǎn)移到右腳奠定基礎(chǔ)。通過F(Z)的對(duì)比發(fā)現(xiàn):運(yùn)動(dòng)員開放式反拍此刻左腳的垂直分力較大,這更容易引起足部的損傷。
[Abstract]:In tennis, the world's top players using two handed backhand technology is very common, as of today, in ATP and WTA, the top twenty male athletes using two handed backhand technology reached 80%, the top twenty female athletes all use two handed backhand technology. But this technology action in the face of different ball under the condition, the stance is different. Some scholars will be hitting the stance is mainly divided into two categories: closed and open stance, this technology action requires flexible use of athletes in the game, players in the occupation, several hit the ball stance are the players in the game with the most incisive, for example Djokovic closed Sharapova's backhand, semi open backhand, Serena Williams open backhand were more common in the game. Through the use of three-dimensional camera and three-dimensional force synchronous test by Take Chengdu Sport University 12 male tennis two athletes (open and closed) two handed backhand kinematics and dynamics parameter of the action, analyze the differences between the two kinds of action in kinematics and dynamics, to explore two kinds of two handed backhand characteristics and rules of action. By comparing the two kinds of action that draws the following conclusions: kinematics conclusion: in the backswing stage, (1) athletes closed backhand at this stage with a longer time, and the data showed a very significant difference. (2) from the shoulder, two athletes elbow backhand action lift posture significantly, pull the film at the end, players open backhand left the elbow closer to the torso. From the elbow angle in the pull shot at the end of the two players backhand action left elbow angle are smaller than the right elbow angle, left elbow angle reached the maximum value. (3) in the backswing at the end of two, the athletes backhand left shoulder elbow wrist action The joint velocity was greater than the right, and to shoulder elbow wrist racquet head speed are showing increasing trend, visible athletes left arm right arm to pull back the drive shot. (4) in the backswing end time, athletes two backhand movements of the left knee angle was less than in the center of the right knee, left leg, lower limb joint velocity "hip knee ankle. In turn hip shoulder at the stage, (1)) athletes open backhand at this stage with a longer time, but there was no significant difference between the data. Through the backswing end time and beat contrast surface contact with the ball when found, the athletes closed backhand high center of gravity (2). In the film surface contact with the ball, players open a backhand bit closer to the body. (3) athletes closed and open backhand backhand in the ball after the wrist is not fixed, but left wrist flexion, wrist extension and forearm pronation follow, so as to exert more rotating ball (4). In the face before making contact with the ball two times, athlete action shoulder elbow wrist joint velocity reaches the maximum value, and conform to the action principle. (5) at this stage the athletes closed backhand shoulder and hip twist is smaller than the open backhand, visible player open backhand uses more trunk rotation. In the swing phase, players open backhand at this stage with a longer time, but there was no significant difference between the two kinds of data. Players backhand action left shoulder angle increases, while the left elbow angle is decreased, was sent to shoot dynamic action. Conclusion: (1) in the left foot a moment, by F (X) stress value comparison, open backhand at this time of the backward direction of stress, increase the possibility of ankle varus. By comparison, F (Y) open backhand players left foot brake positive by F (Z) found that anti open Take the athletes left in the vertical direction to withstand greater pressure. (2) in the backswing end time, by F (X) the comparison found that the closed backhand athletes in the longitudinal direction of force than the open backhand is small, the data showed significant differences, visible open backhand movement at the moment left after poor stability. Through the comparison of F (Y): open and close the backhand athletes left on the left and right component type reverse data showed a very significant difference, at this moment the closed backhand athletes left heel is off the ground, the body slightly forward, so the larger force left F (Z). Through the comparison, the athletes closed backhand vertical force value is significantly less than the open backhand, data showed a very significant difference, the athletes open backhand foot injury with higher risk. (3) in the film surface and the ball contact time, by F (X). By comparison, the athletes open reverse direction before and after the force value is larger, and poor stability. Through the comparison of F (Y) found that athletes open backhand about the direction of the force value is larger, the center of gravity for the subsequent transfer completely to right foot foundation. By contrast F (Z) found that athletes open backhand left vertical force is larger at the moment, it is more likely to cause foot injury.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：成都體育學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：G845

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