本文選題：MAOA基因多態(tài)性 + 5-HTTLPR基因多態(tài)性　； 參考：《東南大學(xué)》2015年博士論文

【摘要】：社會適應(yīng)是兒童出生之后面臨的一項(xiàng)重要發(fā)展任務(wù)。遺傳和環(huán)境如何共同影響兒童早期的社會適應(yīng)是當(dāng)前兒童發(fā)展研究的熱點(diǎn)問題之一。理論認(rèn)為,遺傳和環(huán)境的交互作用存在四種形式：基因易感模型、差別易感模型、最佳匹配模型和社會增強(qiáng)模型。但系統(tǒng)檢驗(yàn)遺傳與環(huán)境在影響兒童早期社會適應(yīng)時的交互作用模式的實(shí)證研究還未見報道。本研究旨在通過采用追蹤研究設(shè)計,以MAOA和5-HTTLPR基因多態(tài)性代表遺傳因素,以父母養(yǎng)育代表環(huán)境因素,探討遺傳和環(huán)境影響中國漢族兒童早期社會適應(yīng)的交互作用模式和敏感期。本研究以416名6個月大的嬰兒及其父母為被試,進(jìn)行為期4年的追蹤研究。當(dāng)嬰兒6個月時,父母報告各自的養(yǎng)育壓力和認(rèn)知卷入程度,同時實(shí)驗(yàn)人員收集兒童的口腔脫落細(xì)胞和人口統(tǒng)計學(xué)資料。當(dāng)兒童24個月時,父母分別填寫各自的養(yǎng)育方式和兒童社會適應(yīng)問卷,同時用行為觀察法測查母親的低壓控制策略。當(dāng)兒童48個月時,再次邀請父母分別填寫父母養(yǎng)育方式和兒童社會適應(yīng)問卷。采用PCR擴(kuò)增和電泳法檢測MAOA和5-HTTLPR基因多態(tài)性。采用回歸分析、簡單斜率效應(yīng)分析和“顯著區(qū)域分析”檢驗(yàn)基因多態(tài)性與父母養(yǎng)育的交互作用模式和敏感期,得出以下主要結(jié)論：(1) MAOA基因多態(tài)性與母親養(yǎng)育的交互作用能顯著預(yù)測男孩學(xué)前期的內(nèi)隱問題行為�！帮@著區(qū)域分析”發(fā)現(xiàn),兩者的交互作用模式符合基因易感模型。即當(dāng)母親養(yǎng)育壓力和過度保護(hù)較高時,3型男孩學(xué)前期的內(nèi)隱問題行為顯著高于4型男孩；但當(dāng)母親養(yǎng)育壓力和過度保護(hù)較低時,兩組男孩無顯著差異。這表明,低活性等位基因?qū)W(xué)前期男孩來說是一種風(fēng)險因素。(2) MAOA基因多態(tài)性與父親嚴(yán)厲的交互作用能顯著預(yù)測男孩學(xué)前期的問題行為。兩者的交互作用模式符合社會增強(qiáng)模型。即當(dāng)父親嚴(yán)厲較低時,4型男孩學(xué)前期的問題行為顯著低于3型男孩；但當(dāng)父親嚴(yán)厲較高時,兩組男孩無顯著差異。這表明,高活性等位基因?qū)W(xué)前期男孩來說是一種優(yōu)勢因素。(3) MAOA基因多態(tài)性與母親嚴(yán)厲的交互作用能顯著預(yù)測男孩學(xué)步期的社會能力,與母親認(rèn)知卷入的交互作用能顯著預(yù)測男孩學(xué)前期的社會能力�！帮@著區(qū)域分析”發(fā)現(xiàn),前者符合社會增強(qiáng)模型,后者符合基因易感模型。具體而言,當(dāng)母親嚴(yán)厲程度較低時,4型男孩學(xué)步期的社會能力顯著高于3型男孩；當(dāng)母親嚴(yán)厲程度較高時,兩組男孩無顯著差異。當(dāng)母親認(rèn)知卷入較低時,3型男孩在學(xué)前期的社會能力顯著低于4型男孩；但當(dāng)母親認(rèn)知卷入程度較高時,兩組男孩無顯著差異。這表明,高活性等位基因?qū)W(xué)步期男孩社會能力的發(fā)展來說是一種優(yōu)勢因素；而低活性等位基因?qū)W(xué)前期男孩的社會能力發(fā)展來說是一種風(fēng)險因素。(4) MAOA基因多態(tài)性與母親養(yǎng)育方式的交互作用能顯著預(yù)測女孩學(xué)前期的問題行為和社會能力。兩者的交互作用模式符合基因易感模型。具體而言,當(dāng)母親嚴(yán)厲程度較高時,3/4和4/4型女孩在學(xué)前期的外顯和內(nèi)隱問題行為顯著高于3/3型女孩；但當(dāng)母親嚴(yán)厲程度較低時,兩組女孩無差異。當(dāng)母親認(rèn)知卷入程度較低時,3/4和4/4型女孩學(xué)前期的社會能力顯著高于3/3型女孩；但當(dāng)母親認(rèn)知卷入程度較低時,兩組女孩無顯著差異。這表明,高活性等位基因?qū)W(xué)前期女孩來說是一種風(fēng)險因素。(5) 5-HTTLPR基因多態(tài)性與父親養(yǎng)育壓力的交互作用能顯著預(yù)測兒童學(xué)前期的外顯問題行為。兩者的交互作用模式符合社會增強(qiáng)模型。即當(dāng)父親養(yǎng)育壓力較低時,s/s和s/I型兒童的外顯問題行為顯著低于l/l型兒童；但當(dāng)父親養(yǎng)育壓力較高時,兩組兒童無顯著差異。這表明,短等位基因?qū)W(xué)前期兒童來說是優(yōu)勢因素。父親低養(yǎng)育壓力會使該類型兒童在學(xué)前期有較多的外顯問題行為,但父親高養(yǎng)育壓力對其無影響。(6) 5-HTTLPR基因多態(tài)性與母親養(yǎng)育的交互作用能顯著預(yù)測男孩學(xué)前期的外顯和內(nèi)隱問題行為。交互作用模式均符合社會增強(qiáng)模型。具體而言,當(dāng)母親養(yǎng)育壓力較低時,s/s和s/I型男孩學(xué)前期的外顯問題行為顯著低于l/l型男孩；但當(dāng)母親養(yǎng)育壓力較高時,兩組男孩沒有顯著差異。當(dāng)母親嚴(yán)厲程度較低時,s/s和s/I型男孩學(xué)前期的內(nèi)隱問題行為顯著低于l/l型男孩；但當(dāng)母親嚴(yán)厲程度較高時,兩組男孩沒有顯著差異。這表明,短等位基因?qū)W(xué)前期男孩來說是優(yōu)勢因素。母親低養(yǎng)育壓力或嚴(yán)厲會使該類型男孩在學(xué)前期有較少的問題行為,但母親高養(yǎng)育壓力和嚴(yán)厲對其沒有影響。(7) 5-HTTLPR基因多態(tài)性與母親養(yǎng)育壓力的交互作用能顯著預(yù)測女孩學(xué)前期的內(nèi)隱問題行為。兩者的交互作用模式符合基因易感模型。即當(dāng)母親養(yǎng)育壓力較高時,l/l型女孩的內(nèi)隱問題行為顯著高于s/s和l/l型女孩；但當(dāng)母親養(yǎng)育壓力較低時,兩組女孩沒有顯著差異。這表明,長等位基因?qū)W(xué)前期女孩來說是風(fēng)險因素,母親高養(yǎng)育壓力會使該類型女孩在學(xué)前期有較多的內(nèi)隱問題行為。(8) 5-HTTLPR基因多態(tài)性與父親養(yǎng)育壓力的交互作用能顯著預(yù)測兒童學(xué)步期的社會能力。交互作用模式符合基因易感模型。即當(dāng)父親養(yǎng)育壓力較高時,l/l型兒童在學(xué)步期的社會能力顯著低于s/s和s/l型兒童；但當(dāng)父親養(yǎng)育壓力較低時,兩組兒童沒有顯著差異。這表明,長等位基因?qū)W(xué)步期兒童來說是風(fēng)險因素,父親高養(yǎng)育壓力會使該類型兒童在學(xué)步期有較低的社會能力。此外,5-HTTLPR基因多態(tài)性與母親養(yǎng)育方式的交互作用能顯著預(yù)測學(xué)前期兒童的社會能力。該交互作用模式符合社會增強(qiáng)模型。具體而言,當(dāng)母親過度保護(hù)較低時,l/l和s/I型兒童的社會能力顯著高于l/l型兒童；但當(dāng)母親過度保護(hù)較高時,兩組兒童沒有顯著差異。這表明,長等位基因?qū)W(xué)前期兒童來說是優(yōu)勢因素,母親較低的過度保護(hù)會使該類型兒童在學(xué)前期有較高的社會能力。總之,本研究首次通過“顯著區(qū)域分析”發(fā)現(xiàn),MAOA基因多態(tài)性與父母養(yǎng)育的交互作用以及5-HTTLPR基因多態(tài)性與父母養(yǎng)育的交互作用模式符合基因易感模型和社會增強(qiáng)模型,交互作用的敏感期在學(xué)前期。這為父母教育兒童提供了重要的指導(dǎo)意義,也為教育工作者、臨床工作者和心理咨詢者在矯正兒童不良社會適應(yīng)時提供了重要的理論基礎(chǔ)。
[Abstract]:Social adaptation is an important development task for children after birth. How heredity and environment affect the early social adaptation of children is one of the hot issues in the study of children's development. The theory holds that there are four forms of genetic and environmental interaction: genetic susceptibility models, differential susceptibility models, optimal matching models and An empirical study on the interaction patterns of genetic and environmental impacts on early social adaptation in children has not yet been reported. This study aims to explore genetic and environmental impacts by using MAOA and 5-HTTLPR gene polymorphisms to represent genetic factors by using tracer research design. The interaction model and sensitive period of early social adaptation in Chinese Han children. The study took 416 6 month old infants and their parents for a 4 year follow-up study. When infants were 6 months, their parents reported their own parental rearing pressure and cognitive involvement, and the experimental people collected children's oral exfoliative cells and demographic statistics. When children were 24 months, parents filled out their own parenting styles and social adaptation questionnaires, and measured their mother's low pressure control strategies with behavioral observation. When children were 48 months old, their parents were invited to fill out their parental rearing patterns and children's social adaptation questions respectively. MAOA and 5-HTTL were detected by PCR amplification and electrophoresis. PR gene polymorphism. Regression analysis, simple slope effect analysis and "significant regional analysis" were used to test the interaction patterns and sensitive periods of parental rearing, and the following main conclusions were obtained: (1) the interaction between MAOA gene polymorphism and mother parenting could significantly predict the implicit problem behavior in early childhood. Regional analysis found that the interaction patterns of the two were consistent with the genetic susceptibility model. When the mother parenting pressure and excessive protection were higher, the implicit problem behavior in the early stage of type 3 boys was significantly higher than that of type 4 boys; however, there was no significant difference between the two groups of boys when the parental rearing pressure and excessive protection were low. The early school boys are a risk factor. (2) the MAOA gene polymorphism and the father's severe interaction can significantly predict the prophase behavior of the boys. The interaction pattern of the two is consistent with the social enhancement model. That is, when the father is severely lower, the behavior of the prophase 4 is significantly lower than that of the type 3 boy; but when the father is severe, the father is severe. At the higher level, there was no significant difference between the two groups of boys. This showed that the high activity allele was an dominant factor in the preschool boys. (3) the MAOA gene polymorphism and the mother's severe interaction could significantly predict the social ability of the boy's school step, and the interaction with mother's cognitive involvement could significantly predict the early social ability of the boys. " The significant regional analysis found that the former conforms to the social enhancement model and the latter conforms to the genetic susceptibility model. Specifically, when the mother's severity is low, the social ability of the 4 type boys is significantly higher than that of type 3 boys; when the mother's severity is higher, there is no significant difference between the two groups of boys. When the mother's cognitive involvement is low, the type 3 boys are learning. The social ability of the early stage was significantly lower than that of type 4 boys, but there was no significant difference between the two groups of boys when the mother's cognitive involvement was high. This suggests that the high active allele is a dominant factor in the development of the boy's social ability at the school step, and the low activity allele is a risk for the development of the social ability of the boys in the pre-school period. (4) the interaction between the MAOA gene polymorphism and the mother parenting style can significantly predict the problem behavior and social ability in the early stage of girls' study. The interaction pattern of the two is consistent with the genetic susceptibility model. Specifically, the explicit and implicit behavior of 3/4 and 4/4 girls is significantly higher than that of 3/3 in the early stage of study when the mother is more severe. But when the mother's severity was low, there was no difference between the two groups of girls. When the mother's cognitive involvement was low, the social ability of the 3/4 and 4/4 girls was significantly higher than that of the 3/3 girls. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups of girls when the mother's cognitive involvement was low. It is a risk factor. (5) the interaction between the 5-HTTLPR gene polymorphism and father parenting stress can significantly predict the explicit problem behavior in early childhood. The interaction pattern of the two is consistent with the social enhancement model. That is, when the father has lower parenting pressure, the explicit problem behavior of s/s and s/I type children is significantly lower than that of the l/l type children; There is no significant difference between the two groups of children when the parental rearing pressure is high. This indicates that the short allele is the dominant factor in the preschool children. The father's low parenting pressure will make this type of children have more explicit problem behavior in the early period of study, but the father's high parenting pressure does not affect it. (6) the interaction between 5-HTTLPR gene polymorphism and mother breeding The interaction patterns were consistent with the social enhancement model. In particular, the apparent problem behavior of s/s and s/I type boys was significantly lower than that of type l/l boys when the mothers had lower parenting pressure, but there was no significant difference between the two groups of boys when the mother raised the pressure. When the mother was less severe, the s/s and s/I type boys were significantly lower than the l/l type boys, but when the mother had a high degree of severity, there was no significant difference between the two groups of boys. This suggests that the short allele is an dominant factor for the boys in the preschool period. There is less problem behavior, but the stress and severity of mother's high parenting do not affect it. (7) the interaction between 5-HTTLPR gene polymorphism and mother parenting stress can significantly predict the implicit problem behavior in the early stage of girls' study. The interaction pattern of the two is consistent with the genetic susceptibility model. That is, when the mother raises the pressure, the implicit questions of the l/l type girls The behavior of the subjects was significantly higher than that of s/s and l/l girls, but there was no significant difference between the two groups of girls when the parental rearing pressure was low. It showed that the long allele was a risk factor for the early school girls. The high parental rearing pressure would make this type of girl more implicit in the pre school period. (8) the polymorphism of 5-HTTLPR gene and father nurture. The interaction of stress can significantly predict the social ability of children's learning step. The interaction model conforms to the genetic susceptibility model. When the father raises the pressure, the social ability of the l/l children is significantly lower than that of the s/s and s/l type children. However, when the father raises the pressure, there is no significant difference between the two groups of children. The allele is a risk factor for toddlers. Father high parenting pressure will make this type of children have lower social ability at the school step. In addition, the interaction of 5-HTTLPR gene polymorphism and mother parenting style can significantly predict the social ability of children in pre school. The interaction pattern conforms to the social enhancement model. When mother overprotection is low, the social ability of l/l and s/I children is significantly higher than that of type l/l children. However, when mother overprotection is higher, there is no significant difference between the two groups. This indicates that the long allele is the dominant factor for the preschool children, and the lower maternal protection will make this type of children have a higher society in the pre school period. In summary, this study, for the first time, found that the interaction between MAOA gene polymorphism and parental rearing and the interaction between 5-HTTLPR gene polymorphism and parental rearing conforms to the genetic predisposition model and the social enhancement model, and the sensitive period of interaction is in the pre school period. The guiding significance also provides an important theoretical basis for educators, clinical workers and psychological counselors in correcting children's unhealthy social adjustment.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：G78

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