【摘要】：本文利用多種疏散研究方法對建筑若干典型區(qū)域的人員疏散規(guī)律和疏散策略優(yōu)化問題展開了系統(tǒng)研究,希望能夠為建立完善疏散應(yīng)急預(yù)案和優(yōu)化建筑疏散結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計提供科學(xué)支持。首先,選取某學(xué)校真實地震時的教室監(jiān)控視頻,通過視頻追蹤研究多障礙物教室緊急情況下人員的應(yīng)急反應(yīng)能力、出口選擇比例、出口流量以及疏散運動時間等疏散規(guī)律。結(jié)果表明:學(xué)生能否及時躲避取決于老師能否對地震做出及時反應(yīng)并引導(dǎo)自救行為;撤離過程出現(xiàn)明顯的"領(lǐng)導(dǎo)—追隨"行為,老師占據(jù)的位置和疏散引導(dǎo)方向直接導(dǎo)致學(xué)生出現(xiàn)明顯不均衡的出口選擇比例;各教室的單位時間出口流量總體都遵循先增加至峰值后減小的波動變化趨勢,流量變化差異和教室的座位布置、人員初始分布以及疏散領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的位置及行為有關(guān);疏散人數(shù)與疏散時間之間滿足線性增長關(guān)系;統(tǒng)計了不同座位處學(xué)生的疏散時間,總體隨著初始位置到出口距離的增加而波動增加。然后,利用Pathfinder軟件模擬研究出口門扇開啟角度、樓梯梯段轉(zhuǎn)角以及樓梯梯形對人員疏散效率的影響,得到有利于人員疏散的優(yōu)化條件:朝室內(nèi)開啟的房間門,單扇門門扇開啟角度為135°,雙扇門門扇開啟角度在105°～135°時,對應(yīng)最有利的疏散條件。雙跑樓梯梯段轉(zhuǎn)角超過135°后疏散時間會大幅增加。正常情況下剪刀式樓梯疏散最快,雙分平行樓梯和單跑樓梯疏散效果次之且接近,雙跑平行樓梯疏散最慢;但是當(dāng)樓梯間存在障礙物時,雙跑平行樓梯對意外的適應(yīng)能力最強(qiáng),剪刀式樓梯對意外的適應(yīng)能力最差。最后,選擇了一種可行性較強(qiáng)的電梯樓梯協(xié)同人員疏散模式:電梯僅在某直達(dá)層�？�,�？繉蛹耙陨蠘菍尤藛T使用電梯疏散而以下樓層人員通過樓梯疏散。對該模式進(jìn)行數(shù)學(xué)建模,通過編程計算得到電梯最優(yōu)停靠層。進(jìn)而進(jìn)行了相關(guān)參數(shù)對協(xié)同疏散最優(yōu)模式的影響研究,結(jié)果表明:對于確定建筑,使用此模型可以迅速直接得出該模式下的電梯最優(yōu)�？繉雍蛥f(xié)同疏散時間;在每層疏散人數(shù)均勻分布的條件下,電梯最優(yōu)停靠層不受疏散人數(shù)影響,隨建筑高度增加呈線性增長,隨電梯最大承載量增加呈階梯式下降,隨電梯平均運行速度增加呈階梯式下降;協(xié)同疏散時間隨疏散人數(shù)增加呈線性增長,隨建筑高度增加呈線性增長;最優(yōu)�？繉拥碾A梯式下降會造成協(xié)同疏散時間呈現(xiàn)波動下降。
[Abstract]:In this paper, the evacuation law and the optimization of evacuation strategy in some typical areas of buildings are studied systematically by using various evacuation research methods. It is hoped that it can provide scientific support for the establishment and improvement of evacuation emergency plan and the optimization of building evacuation structure design. Firstly, the classroom surveillance video of a school real earthquake is selected to study the emergency response ability, exit selection ratio, exit flow rate and evacuation movement time of multi-obstacle classroom emergency by video tracking. The results show that whether the students can avoid the earthquake in time depends on whether the teacher can make a timely response to the earthquake and guide the self-rescue behavior; The obvious "leader-follow" behavior appeared in the evacuation process, and the position occupied by the teacher and the direction of the evacuation guide directly led to the obvious imbalance of the exit selection ratio of the students. The flow rate per unit time of each classroom generally follows the fluctuating trend of increasing to the peak at first and then decreasing. The variation of flow rate is related to the seating arrangement of the classroom the initial distribution of personnel and the position and behavior of the evacuation leader. The evacuation time of students in different seats increased with the increase of the distance from the initial location to the exit. Then, the influence of exit door opening angle, staircase corner and staircase trapezoid on evacuation efficiency is simulated by using Pathfinder software. When the opening angle of single door is 135 擄, and the opening angle of double door is 105 擄~ 135 擄, the most favorable evacuation conditions can be obtained. The evacuation time will be greatly increased after the angle of double running staircase is over 135 擄. Under normal conditions, scissors staircase evacuation is the fastest, double parallel staircase and single running staircase evacuation effect is the second and close, double running parallel staircase evacuation is the slowest. However, when there are obstacles in the stairway, the adaptability of the double running parallel stairs to accidents is the strongest, and that of scissors stairs to accidents is the worst. Finally, a feasible elevator staircase evacuation mode is selected: the elevator only stops on a direct floor, the people on the floor and above use the elevator to evacuate, and the lower floor evacuates through the staircase. The mathematical model is established and the optimal berthing layer of elevator is obtained by programming. Furthermore, the influence of related parameters on the optimal mode of cooperative evacuation is studied. The results show that the model can be used to determine the building quickly and directly to obtain the optimal parking floor and cooperative evacuation time of the elevator under the mode; Under the condition of uniform distribution of evacuees on each floor, the optimal parking floor of the elevator is not affected by the evacuation number, and increases linearly with the increase of building height, and decreases in step with the increase of the maximum carrying capacity of the elevator. With the increase of the average running speed of the elevator, it decreases step by step. The coordinated evacuation time increases linearly with the number of evacuees and increases linearly with the increase of building height.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：TU998.1

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