本文關(guān)鍵詞： 公共事業(yè) 消費(fèi)者權(quán)益 自然壟斷 規(guī)制 博弈論　出處：《首都經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：公共事業(yè)所涵蓋的范圍很廣,包括教育、衛(wèi)生、環(huán)境保護(hù)、公共住房、公用事業(yè)等各個(gè)方面,與人們的日常生活關(guān)系密切。從市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)上,公共事業(yè)大都處于自然壟斷地位;從其提供的產(chǎn)品上,公共事業(yè)的商品或服務(wù)都是公共物品和準(zhǔn)公共物品;從其特點(diǎn)上,公共事業(yè)的正外部性又決定了其社會(huì)公益性的特征。這些也都體現(xiàn)了公共事業(yè)消費(fèi)者權(quán)益的重要性,一旦公共事業(yè)對(duì)消費(fèi)者權(quán)益產(chǎn)生了侵害,首先影響的就是公眾的基本需求,也損害了社會(huì)的公益和福利。世界各國(guó)都對(duì)公共事業(yè)十分重視,學(xué)術(shù)界也因公共事業(yè)的種種特點(diǎn)對(duì)其進(jìn)行著不斷的研究。但是,我國(guó)的公共事業(yè)是具有自身特點(diǎn)的,不能完全照搬國(guó)外的研究方法與結(jié)論。我國(guó)公共事業(yè)本身就具有計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)特征,但是又處于市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)改革的階段,形成了行政壟斷和自然壟斷相結(jié)合的獨(dú)特性質(zhì)。在公共事業(yè)的運(yùn)行過程中,政府常常既是經(jīng)營(yíng)者又是監(jiān)管者,一方面不能克服自利動(dòng)機(jī),另一方面是沒有給予經(jīng)營(yíng)者剩余索取權(quán)造成低效率,這些都為公共事業(yè)侵害消費(fèi)者利益埋下了伏筆。同時(shí),我國(guó)對(duì)消費(fèi)者權(quán)益的研究還主要集中在法學(xué)領(lǐng)域,沒有從消費(fèi)者剩余的角度去看待市場(chǎng)交易過程中消費(fèi)者是否收到侵害。雖然目前我國(guó)消費(fèi)者保護(hù)的相關(guān)法律日漸完善,但對(duì)于公共事業(yè)中消費(fèi)者的弱勢(shì)地位還無(wú)能為力。現(xiàn)實(shí)中,公共事業(yè)亂漲價(jià)、亂收費(fèi)、服務(wù)質(zhì)量差等問題都是消費(fèi)者投訴的熱點(diǎn),結(jié)果卻并沒有得到有效解決,消費(fèi)者維權(quán)無(wú)門,受損的利益得不到補(bǔ)償。面對(duì)這種現(xiàn)狀,本文在力圖找到背后原因,從而發(fā)掘解決之道。首先,文章找到了福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、規(guī)制經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和有效競(jìng)爭(zhēng)理論作為解決這一問題的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)。進(jìn)而總結(jié)國(guó)內(nèi)外相關(guān)研究,吸取前人經(jīng)驗(yàn),并找到可以突破創(chuàng)新的領(lǐng)域。在研究范圍上,本文沒有使用廣義的公共事業(yè)概念,也沒有僅針對(duì)公用事業(yè)領(lǐng)域,而是選取廣義公共事業(yè)中,產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)具有準(zhǔn)公共物品特征的公共事業(yè)及其消費(fèi)者作為研究對(duì)象。消費(fèi)者權(quán)益的概念以我國(guó)的《消費(fèi)者權(quán)益保護(hù)法》為依據(jù),并對(duì)照經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)中的消費(fèi)者剩余概念。特別是不僅僅從價(jià)格角度衡量,而是將消費(fèi)者權(quán)益轉(zhuǎn)化為效用整體衡量。公共事業(yè)消費(fèi)者權(quán)益受到的侵害有一定的特殊性,本文將這些現(xiàn)象總結(jié)為價(jià)格的隨意上漲、質(zhì)量和信息不透明、霸王條款以及維權(quán)困難等方面,以經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)中自然壟斷、信息不對(duì)稱、交易成本等理論做出了成因的初步分析。然后,將公共事業(yè)的參與者抽象為經(jīng)營(yíng)者、消費(fèi)者和監(jiān)管者,在假設(shè)條件下構(gòu)建博弈模型,找出相應(yīng)角色參與博弈時(shí)的行為和支付。得出了政府應(yīng)該退出經(jīng)營(yíng),適當(dāng)引入競(jìng)爭(zhēng),降低消費(fèi)者維權(quán)成本的結(jié)論。他山之石,可以攻玉。我國(guó)的公共事業(yè)在消費(fèi)者權(quán)益保護(hù)上也應(yīng)該借鑒他國(guó)的先進(jìn)經(jīng)驗(yàn),取長(zhǎng)補(bǔ)短。本文通過對(duì)美國(guó)、英國(guó)、日本三個(gè)主要發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的公共事業(yè)考察,總結(jié)出共性,又得出了我國(guó)應(yīng)該進(jìn)行的法律改革路徑。公共事業(yè)是我國(guó)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的重要組成部分,也是我國(guó)民生事業(yè)的重要基礎(chǔ)。對(duì)消費(fèi)者權(quán)益的維護(hù),有助于促進(jìn)消費(fèi)水平,實(shí)現(xiàn)我國(guó)用消費(fèi)拉動(dòng)內(nèi)需的戰(zhàn)略。同時(shí),對(duì)于公共事業(yè)的改革,特別是通過維護(hù)消費(fèi)者利益促進(jìn)體制改革,對(duì)于我國(guó)的改革進(jìn)程也有重要意義。
[Abstract]:The scope of public utilities which covers a very wide, including education, health, environmental protection, public housing, utilities and other various aspects, and is closely related to our daily life. From the market structure, public utilities are in a natural monopoly; from the products, public goods or services are public goods and quasi public goods; from its characteristics, positive externalities of public utilities and determines the characteristics of the social commonweal. Which also reflects the importance of the public interests of consumers, once the public interests of consumers have violated, the first impact is the basic needs of the public, also harm the social and public welfare welfare. All countries in the world attach great importance to the public, the academic circles also due to various characteristics of public utilities for the continuous research. However, China's public utilities is has its own characteristics, You can not completely copy the research methods and conclusion. The foreign public utilities in China itself has the characters of the planned economy, but also in the market economy reform stage, has formed the unique nature of administrative monopoly and natural monopoly combination. In the operation process of public utilities, the government often as manager and supervisor, on the one hand can't overcome self motivation, on the other hand there is no residual claim to the operator caused by low efficiency, these are for the public against the interests of consumers foreshadowed. At the same time, the research on the rights and interests of consumers in China are mainly concentrated in the field of law, not from the consumer surplus to the point of view of the market transaction process whether consumers receive infringement. Although at present, China's relevant laws to protect consumers increasingly perfect, but also incapable of action for consumers in public utilities and weak position. In reality, the public The cause of price hikes, charges, problems of poor quality of service is a hot consumer complaints, but the results have not been effectively resolved, consumer rights without the door, damaged the interests of no compensation. In this situation, this paper tries to find the reasons behind, so as to explore the solution. Firstly, the article found the welfare economics, economics of regulation and the effective competition theory as the foundation of economics to solve this problem. And then summarize the related research at home and abroad, to learn from previous experience, and can find breakthrough innovations in the field. In the scope of the study, this paper did not use generalized public service concept, not only in the field of public utilities, but select generalized public utilities in the product or service with public utilities and consumers of quasi public goods characteristics as the research objects. The concept of consumer rights in "consumer protection law" for China On the basis of the control, and the consumer surplus concept in economics. Especially not just from the price point of view, but the rights and interests of consumers into the overall utility measure. Public utilities consumer rights violations have certain particularity, this paper will summarize these phenomena for arbitrary price increases, and the quality of information opaque, and difficulties in terms of overlord rights in economics, natural monopoly, asymmetric information, transaction cost theory to make a preliminary analysis of the causes. Then, the participants of public abstract operators, consumers and regulators, constructs the game model under the assumption, find the corresponding role in the game behavior and payment. The government should withdraw from the operation, appropriate the introduction of competition, reduce the cost of consumer rights. The conclusion of our country. Outside the box, so the public in consumer rights protection It should learn from the advanced experience, he's each other. In the United States, Britain, Japan's three major developed countries public investigation, summed up the common law, and that China should carry out the reform path. Public service is an important part of our market economy, but also an important basis for people's livelihood in China cause. Safeguard the interests of consumers, help to promote the realization of China's consumption level, consumption stimulating domestic demand strategy. At the same time, the reform of public utilities, especially by means of safeguarding the interests of consumers and promote reform, also has important significance for China's reform process.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：首都經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：F203;D630;D923.8

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